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title: "Barnes"
description: "If a soul shall sin - The sin-offering was a new thing, instituted by the Law. The older kinds of sacrifice Leviticus 2:1; Leviticus 3:1 when offered by i"
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---

**If a soul shall sin -**The sin-offering was a new thing, instituted by the Law. The older kinds of sacrifice [Leviticus 2:1](../../../kjv/leviticus/2/1); [Leviticus 3:1](../../../kjv/leviticus/3/1) when offered by individuals were purely voluntary: no special occasions were prescribed. But it was plainly commanded that he who was conscious that he had committed a sin should bring his sin-offering. In the abridged rules for sin-offerings in [Numbers 15:22-31](../../../kjv/numbers/15/22-31), the kind of sin for which sin-offerings were accepted is contrasted with that which cut off the perpetrator from among his people (compare [Leviticus 4:22](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/22) with [Leviticus 4:30](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/30)). The two classes are distinguished in the language of our Bible as sin through ignorance and presumptuous sin. The distinction is clearly recognized in [Psalms 19:12-13](../../../kjv/psalms/19/12-13) and [Hebrews 10:26-27](../../../kjv/hebrews/10/26-27). It seems evident that the classification thus indicated refers immediately to the relation of the conscience to God, not to outward practices, nor, immediately, to outward actions.
The presumptuous sinner, literally he who sinned “with a high hand,” might or might not have committed such a crime as to incur punishment from the civil law: it was enough that he had with deliberate purpose rebelled against God (see [Proverbs 2:13-15](../../../kjv/proverbs/2/13-15)), and ipso facto was “cut off from among his people” and alienated from the divine covenant (see [Leviticus 7:20](../../../kjv/leviticus/7/20); [Exodus 31:14](../../../kjv/exodus/31/14); compare [Matthew 12:31](../../../kjv/matthew/12/31); [1 John 5:16](../../../kjv/1-john/5/16)). But the other kind of sin, that for which the sin-offering was appointed, was of a more complicated nature. It appears to have included the entire range of “sins, negligences and ignorances” for which we are accustomed to ask forgiveness. sin-offerings were required not only when the conscience accused the offender of having yielded to temptation, but sometimes for what were breaches of the Law committed strictly in ignorance [Leviticus 4:13](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/13), [Leviticus 4:23](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/23), [Leviticus 4:28](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/28); [Leviticus 5:17](../../../kjv/leviticus/5/17), and sometimes on account of ceremonial pollution. They are thus to be regarded as protests against everything which is opposed to the holiness and purity of the divine Law. They were, in short, to be offered by the worshipper as a relief to the conscience whenever he felt the need of atonement.
**Sin through ignorance -**Sin through error; that is, through straying from the right way. See [Psalms 119:67](../../../kjv/psalms/119/67); [Ecclesiastes 5:6](../../../kjv/ecclesiastes/5/6).

**The priest that is anointed -**i. e. the high priest. (Compare [Leviticus 8:12](../../../kjv/leviticus/8/12); [Leviticus 21:10](../../../kjv/leviticus/21/10); [Exodus 29:7](../../../kjv/exodus/29/7)). On the anointing of the other priests see the note at [Leviticus 8:13](../../../kjv/leviticus/8/13).
The graduation of the sin-offerings is remarkable. It might seem that the distinction addressed itself more pointedly to each individual according to his rank and consequent responsibility (see [Leviticus 4:32](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/32)).
**According to the sin of the people -**Rather, to bring guilt on the people. The whole nation is concerned in every transgression of its representative.

The treatment of the blood was special in the sin-offerings. In the inferior sin-offerings it was smeared on the horns of the altar of burnt-offering [Leviticus 4:25](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/25), [Leviticus 4:30](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/30), [Leviticus 4:34](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/34), while in this offering for the high priest, and in that for the nation, the high priest himself sprinkled the blood seven times within the tabernacle and smeared it on the horns of the altar of incense [Leviticus 4:6-7](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/6-7), [Leviticus 4:17-18](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/17-18). The different modes of sprinkling appear to have marked successive degrees of consecration in advancing from the altar of burnt-offering to the presence of Yahweh within the veil.

**Before the vail of the sanctuary -**This is generally understood to mean the floor of the holy place in front of the veil.

**Pour -**All the blood that was left after the sprinkling and the smearing should be disposed of in such a manner as to suit the decorum of divine service. It had no sacrificial significance.

A clean place where the ashes are poured out See [Leviticus 1:16](../../../kjv/leviticus/1/16) note. It was a place free from impurities, not like those referred to in [Leviticus 14:40](../../../kjv/leviticus/14/40), [Leviticus 14:45](../../../kjv/leviticus/14/45). The flesh, though it was burned in an ordinary way, and not sent up in the fire of the altar (see [Leviticus 1:9](../../../kjv/leviticus/1/9) note), was not to be confounded with carrion, but was associated with the remains of the sacrifices. The priests could not eat the flesh of this victim or of that offered for the sin of the congregation, as they ate that of other sin-offerings [Leviticus 6:26](../../../kjv/leviticus/6/26). Compare [Leviticus 10:17-18](../../../kjv/leviticus/10/17-18), because they were in these cases in the position of offerers. [Leviticus 16:27](../../../kjv/leviticus/16/27); [Hebrews 13:11](../../../kjv/hebrews/13/11). The same rule was observed in regard to the meat-offering of the priests, [Leviticus 6:23](../../../kjv/leviticus/6/23). It was only of the peace-offering that the offerer himself could partake.

**Congregation ... assembly -**Each of the Hebrew words signifies the people in a collected body. It does not appear that there is any difference between them in the connection in which they are here used.

**When the sin ... is known -**Compare [1 Samuel 14:31-35](../../../kjv/1-samuel/14/31-35).

In this case the imposition of hands is performed by the elders in behalf of the nation. But in other respects the rites were performed by the high priest in the same manner as in the sin-offering for himself.

**The altar ... in the tabernacle -**i. e. the altar of incense (compare [Leviticus 4:5-7](../../../kjv/leviticus/4/5-7)).

**Ruler -**Either the head of a tribe [Numbers 1:4-16](../../../kjv/numbers/1/4-16), or the head of a division of a tribe ([Numbers 34:18](../../../kjv/numbers/34/18); compare [Joshua 22:30](../../../kjv/joshua/22/30)).

**Or if his sin -**Rather, And if his sin.
**Come to his knowledge -**i. e. when he had become conscious of his sin.
**A kid of the goats -**A shaggy he-goat, in distinction from a smooth-haired he-goat. It was the regular sin-offering at the yearly festivals [Leviticus 16:9](../../../kjv/leviticus/16/9), [Leviticus 16:15](../../../kjv/leviticus/16/15); [Numbers 28:15](../../../kjv/numbers/28/15), [Numbers 28:22](../../../kjv/numbers/28/22), [Numbers 28:30](../../../kjv/numbers/28/30), and at the consecration of the priests [Leviticus 9:3](../../../kjv/leviticus/9/3); while the smooth-haired goat appears to have been generally offered for the other sacrifices [Psalms 50:9](../../../kjv/psalms/50/9); [Isaiah 1:11](../../../kjv/isaiah/1/11).

See [Leviticus 1:11](../../../kjv/leviticus/1/11).

**The common people -**literally, as in the margin, “the people of the land.” Compare [Leviticus 20:2](../../../kjv/leviticus/20/2), [Leviticus 20:4](../../../kjv/leviticus/20/4); [2 Kings 11:18](../../../kjv/2-kings/11/18). It was the ordinary designation of the people, as distinguished from the priests and the rulers.

**A kid of the goats -**A shaggy she-goat.

**A lamb -**A sheep. See [Leviticus 3:7](../../../kjv/leviticus/3/7) note. Three points are to be observed in regard to the victims for sin-offerings.
(a) The common people had to offer a female, as the less valuable animaI; they might present either a sheep or a goat to suit their convenience:
(b) the rulers had always to offer a male-goat:
(c) the goat was preferred to the sheep, unlike the victim for a peace-offering or burnt-offering.
The sin-offerings were not accompanied by meat-offerings or drink-offerings. See [Numbers 15:3-11](../../../kjv/numbers/15/3-11).

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