---
title: "Bullinger"
description: "Paul. Paul"
image: "/images/missing.jpg"
url: "https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1"
---

****
**Paul.** Paul's name heads all his Epistles, except Hebrews.
**servant** . Greek. *doulos.* App-190 . Compare [2 Corinthians 4:5](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/4/5) .[Galatians 1:1](../../../kjv/galatians/1/1) , [Galatians 1:10](../../../kjv/galatians/1/10) . [Philippians 1:1](../../../kjv/philippians/1/1) , [1 Timothy 1:1](../../../kjv/1-timothy/1/1); [1 Timothy 1:1](../../../kjv/1-timothy/1/1) .
**Jesus Christ** . App-98 . XL
**called, &c** . Literally a called apostle; called at his conversion ([Acts 26:17](../../../kjv/acts/26/17) , [Acts 26:18](../../../kjv/acts/26/18) ).
**apostle** . App-189 .
**separated** = set apart. Greek. *aphorizo.* Compare [Acts 13:2](../../../kjv/acts/13/2) ; Act 19:9 . [2 Corinthians 6:17](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/6/17) . [Galatians 1:1](../../../kjv/galatians/1/1) , [Galatians 1:15](../../../kjv/galatians/1/15) ; [Galatians 2:12](../../../kjv/galatians/2/12) . Note the three stages in Paul's "separation" for God's purpose: birth ([Galatians 1:1](../../../kjv/galatians/1/1) , [Galatians 1:15](../../../kjv/galatians/1/15) , [Galatians 1:16](../../../kjv/galatians/1/16) ); conversion ([Acts 9:15](../../../kjv/acts/9/15) ); work ([Acts 13:2](../../../kjv/acts/13/2) ).
**unto** . Greek. *eis.* App-104 .
**the gospel of God:** i.e. the "gospel of the grace of God" ([Acts 20:24](../../../kjv/acts/20/24) . Compare [Acts 15:7](../../../kjv/acts/15/7) ), not the "gospel of the kingdom". See App-140 . .
**God** . App-98 .

**had** . Omit.
**promised afore** . Greek. *proepangello.* Only here: *epangello* occurs fifteen times; always rendered "promise", save [1 Timothy 2:10](../../../kjv/1-timothy/2/10) ; [1 Timothy 6:21](../../../kjv/1-timothy/6/21) (professing).
**Prophets** . App-189 .
**scriptures** . Greek. *graphe.* Occurs fifty-one times (sing, and plural) Fourteen times by Paul, but only here with adjective *hagios,* holy.

**Concerning** . Greek. *p* eri. App-104 .
**Son** . Greek. *huios.* App-108 .
**Jesus . . . Lord** . In the Greek these words follow after "dead" in [Romans 1:4](../../../kjv/romans/1/4) . Figure of speech *Hyperbaton.* App-6 .
**Lord** . App-98 .
**Which was made** = Who was born ([Galatians 1:4](../../../kjv/galatians/1/4) , [Galatians 1:4](../../../kjv/galatians/1/4) , Revised Version.)
**seed:** i.e. of David's line, but ending specifically in Mary, who was here the "seed" of David. App-99 . And Christ was "the Seed" of the woman ([Genesis 3:15](../../../kjv/genesis/3/15) .[Isaiah 7:14](../../../kjv/isaiah/7/14) .[Matthew 1:23](../../../kjv/matthew/1/23); [Matthew 1:23](../../../kjv/matthew/1/23) ).
**David** . Compare [John 7:42](../../../kjv/john/7/42) . [2 Timothy 2:8](../../../kjv/2-timothy/2/8) .
**according to** . Greek. *kata* . App-104 .
**flesh** = human nature. Greek. *sarx* . See [Romans 9:3](../../../kjv/romans/9/3) , [Romans 9:5](../../../kjv/romans/9/5) .

**declared** = marked out. Greek. *horizo.* See [Acts 2:23](../../../kjv/acts/2/23) . Compare [Psalms 2:7](../../../kjv/psalms/2/7) .
**Son of God** . App-98 .
**with power** = in (Greek. *en)* power (Greek. *dunamis.* App-172 .); i.e. powerfully. Compare [Philippians 3:10](../../../kjv/philippians/3/10) .
**spirit** . App-101 .
**holiness** . Greek. *hagiosune.* Only here, 2Co 7:1 . [1 Thessalonians 3:13](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/3/13) . Nowhere in Greek. literature. It is the Genitive of apposition ( App-17 .) The expression is not to be confounded with *pneuma hagion* ( App-101 .) His Divine spiritual nature in resurrection is here set in contrast with His human flesh as seed of David.
**resurrection** . Greek. *anastasis.* App-178 . Compare [Acts 26:23](../../../kjv/acts/26/23) .
**from** = of.
**dead** . App-139 . See [Matthew 27:52](../../../kjv/matthew/27/52) , [Matthew 27:53](../../../kjv/matthew/27/53) .

**grace and apostleship** . Some see here the Figure of speech *Hendiadys* ( App-6 ), and read "apostolic grace".
**grace** . Greek. *charis.* App-184 .
**apostleship** . See [Acts 1:25](../../../kjv/acts/1/25) .
**obedience to the faith** = faith-obedience.
**faith** . App-150 .
**among** . Greek. *en* . App-104 .
**nations** = Gentiles. Greek. *ethnos.* Occurs in Romans twenty-nine times; translated "Gentiles" except here, [Romans 4:17](../../../kjv/romans/4/17) , [Romans 4:18](../../../kjv/romans/4/18) ; [Romans 10:19](../../../kjv/romans/10/19) ; [Romans 16:26](../../../kjv/romans/16/26) .
**for** = on behalf of. Greek. *huper.* App-104 .
**name** . See [Acts 2:21](../../../kjv/acts/2/21) .

**the called** . Compare [1 Corinthians 1:24](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/1/24) .

**all, &c.:** i.e. all God's beloved ones in Rome.
**beloved** . Greek. *agapetos.* App-135 .
**saints** . See [Acts 9:13](../../../kjv/acts/9/13) , and compare [Psalms 16:3](../../../kjv/psalms/16/3) .
**our Father** . Compare [Romans 8:15](../../../kjv/romans/8/15) ; [Galatians 1:4](../../../kjv/galatians/1/4) , [Galatians 1:6](../../../kjv/galatians/1/6) ; and see App-98 .
**the** = our.
**Lord** . App-98 . This salutation is found in all Paul's Epistles save Hebrews and the three Pastorals, where "mercy" is added.

**thank** . See [Acts 27:35](../../../kjv/acts/27/35) .
**through** . Greek. *dia* . App-104 .[Romans 1:1](../../../kjv/romans/1/1) . Compare [John 14:6](../../../kjv/john/14/6) .
**for** . Greek. *huper* , as in [Romans 1:5](../../../kjv/romans/1/5) , but the texts read *peri* , concerning ( App-104 .)
**spoken of** . Greek. *katangello.* App-121 .
**throughout** . Greek. *en* . App-104 .
**world** . Greek. *kosmos.* App-129 .

**witness.** Greek. *martus* ; only here in Romans. Compare [2 Corinthians 1:23](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/1/23) .[Philippians 1:1](../../../kjv/philippians/1/1) , [Philippians 1:8](../../../kjv/philippians/1/8) . 1Th 2:5 , [1 Thessalonians 2:10](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/2/10) .
**serve** . Greek. *latreuo* . App-137 and App-190 .
**spirit** . App-101 . Compare [Philippians 1:3](../../../kjv/philippians/1/3) , [Philippians 1:3](../../../kjv/philippians/1/3) .
**the gospel of His Son** . This expression only here; elsewhere, the Apostle speaks of "the gospel of Christ", [1 Corinthians 9:12](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/9/12) , [1 Corinthians 9:18](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/9/18) ; [2 Corinthians 2:12](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/2/12) .[Philippians 1:27](../../../kjv/philippians/1/27) . Compare [2 Corinthians 4:4](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/4/4) .
**without ceasing** , Greek. *adialeiptos.* Only here and 1Th 1:3 ; [1 Thessalonians 2:13](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/2/13) ; [1 Thessalonians 5:17](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/5/17) .
**make mention.** Compare [Ephesians 1:16](../../../kjv/ephesians/1/16) . Php 1:3 . [1 Thessalonians 1:2](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/1/2) ; 1Th 3:6 . [2 Timothy 1:3](../../../kjv/2-timothy/1/3) .[Philemon 1:4](../../../kjv/philemon/1/4) . The same expression appears in a papyrus of second cent., from the Fayoum, in a letter from a Roman soldier to his sister.
**prayers** . Greek. *proseuche.* App-134 .

**Making request** . Greek. *deomai.* App-134 .
**if by any means** . Greek. *eipo* s. App-118 .
**might . . . journey** . Greek. *euodoumai.* Elsewhere, [1 Corinthians 16:2](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/16/2) . [3 John 1:2](../../../kjv/3-john/1/2) .
**will** . Greek. *thelema* . App-102 .
**come** . Greek. *erchomai.* App-106 .

**long** . Greek. *epipothes.* Elsewhere, [1 Corinthians 5:2](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/5/2) ; [1 Corinthians 9:14](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/9/14) .[Philippians 1:1](../../../kjv/philippians/1/1) , [Philippians 1:8](../../../kjv/philippians/1/8) ; [Philippians 2:26](../../../kjv/philippians/2/26) . [1 Thessalonians 3:6](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/3/6) . [2 Timothy 1:4](../../../kjv/2-timothy/1/4) .[James 4:5](../../../kjv/james/4/5) . [1 Peter 2:2](../../../kjv/1-peter/2/2) .
**see** . App-133 .
**that** = in order that. Greek. *hina* .
**impart** . Greek. *metadidomi.* Elsewhere, [Romans 12:8](../../../kjv/romans/12/8) . [Luke 3:11](../../../kjv/luke/3/11) .[Ephesians 4:28](../../../kjv/ephesians/4/28) . [1 Thessalonians 2:8](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/2/8) .
**unto** = to.
**spiritual** . Greek. *pneumatikos.* See [1 Corinthians 12:1](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/12/1) .
**gift** . Greek. *charisma.* App-184 . Compare [Romans 12:6](../../../kjv/romans/12/6) . [1 Corinthians 12:4](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/12/4) , &c.
**to the end** . Greek. *eis.* App-104 .
**established** . Greek. *sterizo.* Elsewhere, [Romans 16:25](../../../kjv/romans/16/25) .[Luke 9:51](../../../kjv/luke/9/51) ; [Luke 16:26](../../../kjv/luke/16/26) ; [Luke 22:32](../../../kjv/luke/22/32) . 1Th 3:2 , [1 Thessalonians 3:13](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/3/13) ; [2 Thessalonians 2:17](../../../kjv/2-thessalonians/2/17) ; [2 Thessalonians 3:3](../../../kjv/2-thessalonians/3/3) .[James 5:8](../../../kjv/james/5/8) . [1 Peter 5:10](../../../kjv/1-peter/5/10) . [2 Peter 1:12](../../../kjv/2-peter/1/12) .[Revelation 3:2](../../../kjv/revelation/3/2) .

**That is, &c** . = But this (imparting some spiritual gift) is (or means) our being comforted by our mutual faith.
**comforted together** . Greek. *sumparakaleo.* Only here.
**mutual** = in (Greek. *en)* one another.

**would, &c** . First of six occurances: [Romans 11:25](../../../kjv/romans/11/25) . 1Co 10:1 ; [1 Corinthians 12:1](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/12/1) . [2 Corinthians 1:8](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/1/8) . [1 Thessalonians 4:13](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/4/13) . See the positive form, [1 Corinthians 11:3](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/11/3) .[Colossians 2:1](../../../kjv/colossians/2/1) .
**would** . Greek. *thelo* . App-102 .
**have you, &c** . = that you should be ignorant. Greek. *agnoeo.* Compare [Mark 9:32](../../../kjv/mark/9/32) .[Luke 9:45](../../../kjv/luke/9/45) .
**purposed** . Greek. *protithemi* ; only here, [Romans 3:25](../../../kjv/romans/3/25) .[Ephesians 1:9](../../../kjv/ephesians/1/9) .
**let** = hindered. (Anglo-Saxon *lettan,* to delay.) Greek. *kdluo* ; Occurs twenty-three times (seventeen times "forbid").
**other** . Greek. *loipos.* App-124 . Paul frequently uses the significant term, "the rest", to designate the unsaved. See [Romans 11:7](../../../kjv/romans/11/7) . [Ephesians 2:3](../../../kjv/ephesians/2/3) ; Eph 4:17 . [1 Thessalonians 4:13](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/4/13) ; [1 Thessalonians 5:6](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/5/6) . See also [Revelation 20:5](../../../kjv/revelation/20/5) .

**the** . Omit.
**Greeks** . Greek. *Hellen.* See [John 7:35](../../../kjv/john/7/35) with [John 12:20](../../../kjv/john/12/20) .
**Barbarians** . See [Acts 28:2](../../../kjv/acts/28/2) , [Acts 28:4](../../../kjv/acts/28/4) .
**wise** . Corresponds generally to "learned".
**unwise** . Greek. *anoetos,* unintelligent. Such as the Pharisees despised ([John 7:49](../../../kjv/john/7/49) ). Elsewhere, [Luke 24:25](../../../kjv/luke/24/25) .[Galatians 1:3](../../../kjv/galatians/1/3) , [Galatians 1:1](../../../kjv/galatians/1/1) , Gal 1:3 ; [1 Timothy 6:9](../../../kjv/1-timothy/6/9) . [Titus 3:3](../../../kjv/titus/3/3) .

**as much as in me is** = as for (Greek. *kata.* App-104 .) me.
**ready** . Greek. *prothumos.* Only here. [Matthew 26:41](../../../kjv/matthew/26/41) .[Mark 14:38](../../../kjv/mark/14/38) .
**preach the gospel** . Greek. *euangelizo.* App-121 .
**you, &c** . = you also that are at (Greek. *en)* Rome.

**For** . This is Figure of speech *Aetiologia.* App-6 .
**I am, &c:** i.e. I count it my highest honour and glory to proclaim the gospel. Figure of speech *Tapeinosis* . App-6 .
**ashamed** . Greek. *epaischunomai.* Here, [Romans 6:21](../../../kjv/romans/6/21) .[Mark 8:38](../../../kjv/mark/8/38) . [Luke 9:26](../../../kjv/luke/9/26) . [2 Timothy 1:8](../../../kjv/2-timothy/1/8) , [2 Timothy 1:12](../../../kjv/2-timothy/1/12) , [2 Timothy 1:16](../../../kjv/2-timothy/1/16) . [Hebrews 2:11](../../../kjv/hebrews/2/11) ; [Hebrews 11:16](../../../kjv/hebrews/11/16) .
**of Christ** . All the texts omit.
**believeth** . App-150 .
**first** . In point of national precedence and privilege. Compare [Romans 2:9](../../../kjv/romans/2/9) , [Romans 2:10](../../../kjv/romans/2/10) ; [Romans 8:1](../../../kjv/romans/8/1) , [Romans 8:2](../../../kjv/romans/8/2) .
**Greek** . See [Romans 1:14](../../../kjv/romans/1/14) . Representing all non-Jews.

**therein** = in (Greek. *en)* it.
**the** . Omit.
**righteousness of God** = God's righteousness.
**righteousness** . Greek. *dikaiosune.* App-191 .
**revealed** . Greek. *apokalupto.* App-106 .
**from** . Greek. *ek* . App-104 .
**to** . Greek. *eis* . App-104 . God's righteousness is revealed on the ground of faith (faith-principle) ( *ek pisteos)* , as the absolute condition of salvation, and is operative only for those who believe ( *eis pistin)* . For the use of *ek pisteos* , Compare [Romans 3:26](../../../kjv/romans/3/26) , [Romans 3:30](../../../kjv/romans/3/30) ; [Romans 4:16](../../../kjv/romans/4/16) ; [Romans 5:1](../../../kjv/romans/5/1) ; [Romans 10:6](../../../kjv/romans/10/6) ; [Romans 14:23](../../../kjv/romans/14/23) .[Galatians 1:2](../../../kjv/galatians/1/2) , [Galatians 1:16](../../../kjv/galatians/1/16) .
**written** . See [Matthew 2:5](../../../kjv/matthew/2/5) (first occ).
**just** . Greek. *dikaios.* App-191 .
**live** . Quoted from [Habakkuk 2:4](../../../kjv/habakkuk/2/4) . Compare [Galatians 1:3](../../../kjv/galatians/1/3) , [Galatians 1:11](../../../kjv/galatians/1/11) .[Hebrews 10:38](../../../kjv/hebrews/10/38) .

**For** . In the gospel not only is God's salvation revealed, but God's wrath also, and both are the revelation of God's righteousness.
**the wrath of God** . This expression Occurs only here, [John 3:36](../../../kjv/john/3/36) . [Ephesians 5:6](../../../kjv/ephesians/5/6) . [Colossians 3:6](../../../kjv/colossians/3/6) . Compare [Revelation 19:15](../../../kjv/revelation/19/15) . Referred to many times in N.T., e.g. [Romans 2:5](../../../kjv/romans/2/5) ; [Romans 5:9](../../../kjv/romans/5/9) ; [Romans 9:22](../../../kjv/romans/9/22) .[Matthew 3:7](../../../kjv/matthew/3/7) . [Ephesians 2:3](../../../kjv/ephesians/2/3) ; [Ephesians 5:6](../../../kjv/ephesians/5/6) . [Revelation 6:16](../../../kjv/revelation/6/16) , [Revelation 6:17](../../../kjv/revelation/6/17) .
**heaven** . Singular. No article. See [Matthew 6:10](../../../kjv/matthew/6/10) .
**against** . Greek. *epi* , App-104 .
**ungodliness** . Greek. *asebeia.* App-128 .
**unrighteousness** . Greek. *adikia.* App-128 .
**men** . Greek. *anthropos* . App-123 .
**hold** = hold down, suppress. Compare [2 Thessalonians 2:6](../../../kjv/2-thessalonians/2/6) .
**the truth** . Greek. *alethieia,* p. 1511. Compare App-175 and App-2 .

**known** . See [Acts 1:19](../../../kjv/acts/1/19) .
**manifest** . Greek. *phaneros.* App-106 .
**hath** . Omit.
**shewed** = manifested. Greek. *phaneroo.* App-106 .

**invisible** . Greek. *aoratos.* Here, [Colossians 1:15](../../../kjv/colossians/1/15) , [Colossians 1:16](../../../kjv/colossians/1/16) , [1 Timothy 1:17](../../../kjv/1-timothy/1/17) . [Hebrews 11:27](../../../kjv/hebrews/11/27) .
**clearly seen** . Greek. *katkorao.* Only here.
**things that are made** . Greek. *poiema.* Only here and [Ephesians 2:10](../../../kjv/ephesians/2/10) .
**eternal** . Greek. *aidios.* App-151 .
**Godhead** . App-98 .
**so that, &c** . = to the end (Greek. *eis)* of their being. Compare [Romans 1:11](../../../kjv/romans/1/11) .
**without excuse** . Greek. *anapologetos.* Only here and [Romans 2:1](../../../kjv/romans/2/1) .

**knew** . Greek. *ginosko.* App-132 .
**glorified** . Seep. 1511.
**but** . Emphatic.
**became vain** . Greek. *mataioomai.* Only here. Compare [Acts 14:15](../../../kjv/acts/14/15) .
**imaginations** = reasonings. See [Matthew 15:19](../../../kjv/matthew/15/19) .
**foolish** . Greek. *asunetos,* as [Romans 1:31](../../../kjv/romans/1/31) .

**Professing, &c** . = saying that they were. Greek. *phasko* . See [Acts 24:9](../../../kjv/acts/24/9) .
**became fools** . Literally were fooled (i.e. by their perverted mind). Greek. *moraino* . Here, [Matthew 5:13](../../../kjv/matthew/5/13) .[Luke 14:34](../../../kjv/luke/14/34) . [1 Corinthians 1:20](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/1/20) .

**changed.** Greek. *allasso.* see [Acts 6:14](../../../kjv/acts/6/14) .
**glory** . Greek. *doxa.* See p. 1511.
**uncorruptible** . Greek. *aphthartos.* Here; [1 Corinthians 9:25](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/9/25) ; [1 Corinthians 15:52](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/15/52) . 1Ti 1:17 . [1 Peter 1:4](../../../kjv/1-peter/1/4) , [1 Peter 1:23](../../../kjv/1-peter/1/23) ; [1 Peter 3:4](../../../kjv/1-peter/3/4) .
**image, &c.** = likeness (Greek. *homoioma.* Here, [Romans 5:14](../../../kjv/romans/5/14) ; [Romans 6:5](../../../kjv/romans/6/5) ; [Romans 8:3](../../../kjv/romans/8/3) .[Philippians 1:2](../../../kjv/philippians/1/2) , [Philippians 1:7](../../../kjv/philippians/1/7) . [Revelation 9:7](../../../kjv/revelation/9/7) ) of an image of.
**image** . Greek. *eikon.* Occurs twenty-three times; always so rendered. This is the Figure of speech *Pleonasm.* App-6 .
**corruptible** . Greek. *phthartos.* Here, 1Co 9:25 ; [1 Corinthians 15:53](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/15/53) , [1 Corinthians 15:54](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/15/54) ; 1Pe 1:18 , [1 Peter 1:23](../../../kjv/1-peter/1/23) .
**birds, &c** . In Egypt they worshipped the hawk and the ibis.
**fourfooted beasts** . Greek. *tetrapous.* See [Acts 10:12](../../../kjv/acts/10/12) . As the bull and the cow, held by the Egyptians sacred to. *Apis* and *Hathor* (Venus); the dog to *Anubis* ; &c.
**creeping things** . Greek. *herpeton.* See [Acts 10:12](../../../kjv/acts/10/12) . The asp, sacred to the gods of Egypt and found in every heathen pantheon; indeed, the worship of the serpent plays a prominent part in all forms of Paganism. The crocodile, tortoise, frog, and the well-known Scarabaeus beetle, sacred to the sun and to Pthah, and used as an emblem of the world (Wilkinson).

**also** . Omit.
**gave them up** . See [John 19:30](../../../kjv/john/19/30) .
**uncleanness** . Greek. *akatharsia.* Occurs ten times, always so rendered. The cognate word *akathartes* in [Revelation 17:4](../../../kjv/revelation/17/4) only. Ceasing to know God ([Romans 1:21](../../../kjv/romans/1/21) ) results in idolatry, and idolatry ends in "filthiness of the flesh and spirit" ([2 Corinthians 7:1](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/7/1) ).
**through** . App-104 .
**lusts** . See [John 8:44](../../../kjv/john/8/44) .
**to dishonour, &c** . = that their bodies should be dishonoured. Greek. *atimazo.* See [Acts 5:41](../../../kjv/acts/5/41) .
**between** . Greek. *en* . App-104 .

**Who** = Since they.
**changed** . Greek. *metallasso* ; only here and [Romans 1:26](../../../kjv/romans/1/26) . A stronger word than in [Romans 1:23](../../../kjv/romans/1/23) .
**the truth of God into a lie** = the truth of God for the lie. Man transferred his worship from God (the Truth) to the devil. Compare [John 8:44](../../../kjv/john/8/44) .[Ephesians 4:25](../../../kjv/ephesians/4/25) . [2 Thessalonians 2:9-11](../../../kjv/2-thessalonians/2/9-11) .
**a lie** = the lie. Greek. *to pseudos.* Compare [2 Thessalonians 2:11](../../../kjv/2-thessalonians/2/11) . The He is that Satan is man's benefactor and is to be worshipped.
**worshipped** . Greek. *sebazomai.* App-137 . Only here.
**served** . Greek. *latreuo.* App-137 and App-190 .
**creature** = the things created; not only sun, moon, stars, men, the animate creation, but Satan himself, the arch-enemy, who by means of his "lie" ([Genesis 3:4](../../../kjv/genesis/3/4) , [Genesis 3:5](../../../kjv/genesis/3/5) ) transferred the worship of man from the Creator to himself, the creature.
**more than** . Greek. *para* . App-104 .
**blessed** . Greek. *eulogetos.* Compare [Romans 9:5](../../../kjv/romans/9/5) .[Mark 14:61](../../../kjv/mark/14/61) . (The) Blessed One. Not a statement of doctrine, but a well-known Hebraism of praise to God as Creator.
**for ever** . App-151 . a.
**Amen** . See [Matthew 5:18](../../../kjv/matthew/5/18) . [John 1:51](../../../kjv/john/1/51) , and p. 1511.

**For this cause** = Because of ( App-104 .[Romans 1:2](../../../kjv/romans/1/2); [Romans 1:2](../../../kjv/romans/1/2) ) this.
**vile affections** = passions of infamy (Greek. *atimia.* Here, [Romans 9:21](../../../kjv/romans/9/21) . [1 Corinthians 11:14](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/11/14) ; [1 Corinthians 15:43](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/15/43) . 2Co 6:8 ; [2 Corinthians 11:21](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/11/21) . [2 Timothy 2:20](../../../kjv/2-timothy/2/20) ).
**affections** = passions, or lusts. Greek. *pathos* . Only here; [Colossians 3:5](../../../kjv/colossians/3/5) . [1 Thessalonians 4:5](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/4/5) .
**natural** . Greek. *phusikos.* Only here, Rom 1:27 ; [2 Peter 2:12](../../../kjv/2-peter/2/12) .
**use** . Greek. *chresis.* Only here and [Romans 1:27](../../../kjv/romans/1/27) .
**against** . Greek. *para.* App-104 .

**also the men** = the men also.
**men** . App-123 .
**leaving** = having forsaken. App-174 .
**burned** = were inflamed. Greek. *ekkaiomai.* Only here.
**lust** . Greek. *orexis.* Only here.
**toward** . App-104 .
**working** . Greek. *katergazomai.* Occurs eleven times in Romans, seven in 2 Corinthians. See also [James 1:3](../../../kjv/james/1/3) , [James 1:20](../../../kjv/james/1/20) ; [1 Peter 4:3](../../../kjv/1-peter/4/3) .
**that which is unseemly** . Greek. *aschemosune.* Only here and [Revelation 16:15](../../../kjv/revelation/16/15) . Compare [Genesis 19:7](../../../kjv/genesis/19/7) .
**receiving** = receiving back, or in full. Greek. *apolambano.*
**that** = the.
**recompence** . Greek. *antimisthia,* retribution; only here and [2 Corinthians 6:13](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/6/13) .
**error** . Greek. *plane,* literally a wandering = wrong action, wickedness. Here, [Matthew 27:64](../../../kjv/matthew/27/64) .[Ephesians 4:14](../../../kjv/ephesians/4/14) . [1 Thessalonians 2:3](../../../kjv/1-thessalonians/2/3) . [2 Thessalonians 2:11](../../../kjv/2-thessalonians/2/11) .[James 5:20](../../../kjv/james/5/20) . [2 Peter 2:18](../../../kjv/2-peter/2/18) ; 2Pe 3:17 . [1 John 4:6](../../../kjv/1-john/4/6) . [Jude 1:11](../../../kjv/jude/1/11) .

**And even . . . mind** . There is a play upon two words here, not easily expressed in Eng. "As they rejected God, God rejected them. "
**did . . . like** . Greek. *dokimazo,* to accept after testing, to approve. Compare [Romans 2:18](../../../kjv/romans/2/18) ; [Romans 12:2](../../../kjv/romans/12/2) ; [Romans 14:22](../../../kjv/romans/14/22) . [1 Corinthians 9:27](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/9/27) .
**knowledge** . App-132 .
**reprobate** . Greek. *adokimos.* The negative of *dokimos.* Compare *dokima* z *o* , above. Here, 1Co 9:27 . [2 Corinthians 13:5](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/13/5) , [2 Corinthians 13:6](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/13/6) , 2Co 13:7 ; [2 Timothy 3:8](../../../kjv/2-timothy/3/8) . [Titus 1:16](../../../kjv/titus/1/16) . [Hebrews 6:8](../../../kjv/hebrews/6/8) .
**convenient** . Greek. *kathekon.* See [Acts 22:22](../../../kjv/acts/22/22) .

**filled** . Greek. *pleroo* . App-125 .
**fornication** . The texts omit.
**wickedness** Greek. *poneria.* App-128 .
**maliciousness** . Greek. *kakia* . App-128 .
**envy** = jealousy. Greek. *phthonos.* Compare [Matthew 27:18](../../../kjv/matthew/27/18) .
**murder** . Greek. *phonos.* Note the *Paronomasia, phthonos, phonos.* App-6 . See [Acts 9:1](../../../kjv/acts/9/1) .
**debate** = strife.
**deceit** . Greek. *dolos.* See [Acts 13:10](../../../kjv/acts/13/10) .
**malignity** . Greek. *kakoetheia* , literally disposition for mischief. Only here.
**whisperers** = calumniators. Greek. *psithuristes* . Only here.

**Backbiters** = evil speakers (not necessarily behind the back). Greek. *katalalos.* Only here. Compare [2 Corinthians 12:20](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/12/20) . [1 Peter 2:1](../../../kjv/1-peter/2/1) .
**haters of God** = hateful to God. Greek. *theostuges.* Only here.
**despiteful** = insolent. Greek. *hubristes.* Only here and [1 Timothy 1:13](../../../kjv/1-timothy/1/13) .
**proud** . Greek. *huperephanos.* Here, Luk 1:51 . [2 Timothy 3:2](../../../kjv/2-timothy/3/2) . Jam 4:6 . [1 Peter 5:6](../../../kjv/1-peter/5/6) .
**boasters** . Greek. *alazon.* Only here and [2 Timothy 3:2](../../../kjv/2-timothy/3/2) .
**inventors** . Greek. *epheuretes.* Only here.
**evil** . Greek. *kakos* . App-128 .
**disobedient** . See [Acts 26:19](../../../kjv/acts/26/19) .

**Without understanding** . Greek. *asunetos.* See [Romans 1:21](../../../kjv/romans/1/21) . Note the *Paronomasia* with next word. App-6 .
**covenantbreakers** . Greek. *asunthetos.* Only here.
**without natural affection** . Greek. *astorgos.* Only here and [2 Timothy 3:3](../../../kjv/2-timothy/3/3) .
**implacable** . The texts omit.
**unmerciful** = pitiless. Greek. *aneleemon.* Only here.

**knowing** . Greek. *epiginosko.* App-132 .
**judgment** = righteous sentence. Greek. *dikaioma.* App-177 .
**commit** = practise.
**have pleasure in** = consent also to. See [Acts 8:1](../../../kjv/acts/8/1) .
**do** . Same as "commit", above. This list of heathen iniquities is the Figure of speech *Synathroesmos.* App-6 .

```json
{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#website","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com","name":"Real Bible Believers","description":"RBB","publisher":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/search?q={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/images/missing.jpg","contentUrl":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/images/missing.jpg","width":640,"height":370,"caption":"Bullinger's Companion Bible Notes -  Romans 1"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1#webpage","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1","name":"Bullinger's Companion Bible Notes -  Romans 1","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1#primaryimage"},"datePublished":null,"dateModified":null,"author":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509"},"description":"Paul. Paul's name heads all his Epistles, except Hebrews.  servant . Greek.  doulos. App-190 . Compare 2 Corinthians 4:5 .Galatians 1:1 , Galatians 1:10","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries","name":"Commentaries"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes","name":"Bullinger's Companion Bible Notes"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans","name":"Romans"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/bullingers-companion-bible-notes/romans/1","name":"1"}}]},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/android-chrome-512x512.png","contentUrl":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/android-chrome-512x512.png","width":512,"height":512},"logo":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#personlogo"},"sameAs":["https://twitter.com/RBiblebeliever","https://www.facebook.com/RBibleBelievers"]}]}
```