---
title: "Clarke"
description: "Verse 1 Samuel 10:1. Took a vial of oil — The reasons of this rite the reader will find largely stated in Clarke"
image: "/images/missing.jpg"
url: "https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/1-samuel/10"
---

Verse [1 Samuel 10:1](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/1). ***Took a vial of oil*** — The reasons of this rite the reader will find largely stated in *Clarke's note on "*[Exodus 29:7](../../../kjv/exodus/29/7)*"*. The anointing mentioned here took place in the *open field*. See the preceding chapter, [1 Samuel 9:26-27](../../../kjv/1-samuel/9/26-27). How simple was the ancient ceremony of consecrating a king! A *prophet* or *priest poured oil upon his head*, and *kissed him*; and said, *Thus the Lord hath anointed thee to be* *captain over his inheritance*. This was the whole of the ceremony. Even in this anointing, Saul is not acknowledged as *king*, but simply נגיד *nagpid, a captain*- one who *goes before* and *leads* the people.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:2](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/2). ***Rachel's sepulchre*** — This was nigh to Bethlehem. See [Genesis 35:19](../../../kjv/genesis/35/19).
***At Zelzah*** — If this be the name of a *place*, nothing is known of it.
The Hebrew בצלצח *betseltsach* is translated by the *Septuagint* ἁλλομενους μεγαλα, *dancing greatly*: now this may refer to the *joy* they felt and expressed on finding the asses, or it may refer to those *religious exultations*, or *playing on instruments of* *music*, mentioned in the succeeding verses.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:3](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/3). ***Three men going up to God to Bethel*** — Jacob's altar was probably there still, [Genesis 28:19](../../../kjv/genesis/28/19). However this might be, it was still considered, as its name implies, *the house of God*; and to it they were now going, to offer *sacrifice*.
The *three kids* were for *sacrifice*; the *three loaves of bread* to be offered probably as a *thank-offering*; and *the bottle* or skin full of *wine*, for a *libation*. When the blood was poured out before the Lord, then they feasted on the *flesh* and on the *bread*; and probably had a sufficiency of the *wine* left for their own drinking.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:4](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/4). ***And they will salute thee*** — ושאלו לך לשלום *veshaalu* *lecha leshalom*, "And they will inquire of thee concerning peace," i.e., *welfare*. In the East, if this salutation be given, then the person or persons giving it may be reckoned friends; if the others return it, then there is friendship on both sides. *Salaam alicum*, Peace to you! is the mode of compellation: *Alicum essalaam*, To you be peace! is the return. If you give the former and receive not the latter, you may expect hostility. The meaning of the prophet is, When you come to the plain of Tabor, ye shall meet three men; you need not be afraid of them, for they are *friends*; and they will show this friendship, not only by bidding you good speed, but by giving you two loaves of bread, a provision which you will need for the remaining part of your journey.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:5](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/5). ***The hill of God*** — The Targum says, "The hill on which *the ark of the Lord was*. Calmet supposes it to be a height near Gibeah.
***The garrison of the Philistines*** — Probably they kept a watch on the top of this hill, with a company of soldiers to keep the country in check.
***A company of prophets*** — A company of scribes, says the Targum. Probably the scholars of the prophets; for the prophets seem to have been the only accredited teachers, at particular times, in Israel; and at this time there does not appear to have been any other prophet besides Samuel in this quarter. Probably the teacher of this school was not an inspired man, but one acting under the direction of Samuel. Mr. Harmer thinks that the following custom among the Mohammedans greatly illustrates this obscure place: "When the children have gone through the Koran, their relations borrow a fine horse and furniture, and *carry them about the town* *in procession*, with the book in their hand, the rest of their *companions* following, and all sorts of music of the country going before. Dr. Shaw, in p. 195, mentions the same custom; adding the *acclamations* of their *school-fellows*, but taking no notice of the music. We have no reason, however, to doubt the fact on account of the doctor's silence; especially as it relates to another part of Barbary, and is given us by those who resided some years in that country. The doctor makes no use of this circumstance relating to the education of youth in Barbary; but the account of the procession above given seems to be a lively comment on that ancient Jewish custom mentioned in these verses. That the word *prophet* often signifies *sons* or *scholars* of the prophets, and that *prophesying* often implies *singing*, has been already remarked; but no author that I know of has given any account of the nature of this procession, or its design. We are sometimes told that *high places* were used for sacrifices; and in one case *music*, it is certain, played before them when they went up to worship, [Isaiah 30:29](../../../kjv/isaiah/30/29). But did they not also return from sacrifice with it? We are told that music was used by the prophets to calm and compose them, and to invite the Divine influences; which is indeed very true. But is it to the purpose? Did they go forth in this manner *from their college* into the *noise* and *interruptions* of the world, to call down the prophetic impulse? But if we consider them as a company of the *sons of the prophets*, going in procession with *songs of praise* and *music* playing before them, and recollect that it is usual in this day for young scholars to go in procession with acclamations and music, the whole mystery seems to be unravelled. To which may be added, that Saul was to *meet them*, and find himself *turned into another man*; into a man, perhaps, who is instantaneously made as knowing in the law of God as the youth to whom they were doing the above honours, or any of his convoy; which acquaintance with the law of God was very necessary for one who was to judge among his brethren as their king. For this reason the Jewish kings were to write out a copy of the law of God, and read it continually, that they might be perfect masters of it, [Deuteronomy 17:18](../../../kjv/deuteronomy/17/18); [Deuteronomy 17:20](../../../kjv/deuteronomy/17/20), which accomplishment some youth had gained whom Saul met with, and who was honoured with the solemnity the sacred historian speaks of, if the customs of South Barbary may be supposed to be explanatory of those of Judea."
On the word *prophet*, and the general account given here, I shall introduce the following illustrations from another work: -
"The word *prophet* generally conveys the idea of a person so far acquainted with *futurity* as to discern some purpose of the Divine Being relative to his government of the natural and moral world, but which is not sufficiently matured by the economy of Providence to make, as yet, its public appearance among men, and to *prophesy* is usually understood to imply the *foretelling* such an event, the *time* of its appearance, and the *place* of its operation, with some preceding and subsequent circumstances. But that this was the *original* and *only meaning* of the word prophet or prophesy, is very far from being clear. The first place the word occurs in is [Genesis 20:7](../../../kjv/genesis/20/7), where the Lord says of Abraham to Abimelech, He is a *prophet*, (נביא הוא nabi hu,) *and will pray* (ויתפלל veyith-pallel, will make earnest intercession) *for thee*. In the common acceptation of the word it is certain Abraham was *no* *prophet*; but here it seems to signify a man well acquainted with the Supreme Being, capable of teaching others in Divine things, and especially a *man of prayer*- one who had great influence with the God he worshipped, and whose intercessions were available in the behalf of others. And in this sense the original word נביא *nabi* is used in several places in the Old Testament.
"It was through inattention to this meaning of the word, which appears to me to be the true, original, and ideal one, that all the commentators and critics that I have met with have been so sadly puzzled with that part of the history of Saul which is related [1 Samuel 10:9-13](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/9-13); [1 Samuel 19:20-24](../../../kjv/1-samuel/19/20-24). In these passages the sacred historian represents Saul, who was neither a prophet nor the son of one, associating with the prophets, and *prophesying among them*, to which he was led by *the Spirit of the Lord which came upon him*.
"That this can mean no more here than prayer and *supplication* to God, accompanied probably with edifying *hymns* of *praise* and *thanksgiving*, (for they had instruments of music, [1 Samuel 10:5](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/5)), needs, in my opinion, little proof. If Saul had prophesied in the common acceptation of the word, it is not likely that we should have been kept absolutely in the dark concerning the subject and design of his predictions, of which, by the way, not one syllable is spoken in the oracles of God. The simple fact seems to have been this: God, who had chosen this man to govern Israel, designed to teach *him* that the Most High alone is the fountain of power, and that by him only kings could reign so as to execute justice properly, and be his ministers for good to the people. To accomplish this gracious purpose, *he gave him another heart* ([1 Samuel 10:9](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/9)) - a disposition totally different from what he had ever before possessed, and taught him *to pray*.
"Coming among the sons of the prophets, on whom the Spirit of the Lord rested, and who were under the instruction of Samuel, ([1 Samuel 19:20](../../../kjv/1-samuel/19/20)), while they worshipped God with music and supplication, Saul also was made a partaker of the same Divine influence, and *prophesied*, i.e., made prayer and supplication among them. To see one who did not belong to the prophetic school *thus incorporated* with the prophets, pouring out his soul in prayer and supplication, was an unusual sight, which could not pass unnoticed, especially by those of Saul's acquaintance who probably knew him in times past to have been as careless and ungodly as themselves, (for it was only *now* he got that other good Spirit from God, a sufficient proof that he had it not *before*.) These companions of his, being unacquainted with that grace which can in a moment influence and change the heart, would, according to an invariable custom, express their astonishment with a sneer: *Is SAUL also among the prophets*? That is, in modern language, 'Can this man *pray* or *preach*? He whose education has been the same as our own, employed in the same secular offices, and formerly companion with us in what he now affects to call folly and sin? Can such a person be among the prophets?' Yes, for God may have *given him* a *new heart*; and the *Spirit of God*, whose inspiration *alone* can give sound understanding in sacred things, may have *come upon him* for this very purpose, that he might announce unto *you* the righteousness of the Lord, and speak unto your ruined souls *to edification, and to exhortation, and to comfort*.
"The history of Elijah and the priests of Baal, mentioned in [1 Kings 18:17-40](../../../kjv/1-kings/18/17-40), throws farther light on this subject. In [1 Kings 18:26](../../../kjv/1-kings/18/26) it is said, 'They (the priests of Baal) took a bullock and dressed it, and called on the name of Baal, from morning to noon, saying, O Baal, hear us! And they leaped upon the altar, and cried aloud, and cut themselves with knives, till the blood gushed out; and they *prophesied* (ויתנבאו vaiyithnabbeu, and *they made supplication*) until the time of the evening sacrifice.' From the whole context it is plain that *earnest, importunate* *prayer*, is alone what is meant by *prophesying* in this text. See also [1 Corinthians 14:3](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/14/3).
"And as all the prophets of God, whose principal business it was to instruct the people in the way of righteousness, were *men of* *prayer*, who were continually interceding with God in behalf of those to whom they ministered, the term נביא *nabi* became their proper appellative; and thus a part of their office, *intercessors* *for the people*, might have given rise to that name by which the Spirit of God thought proper in after times to distinguish those whom he sent, not only to *pray for* and *instruct the people*, but also to *predict* those future events which concerned the punishment of the incorrigible and the comfort and exaltation of his own servants." See a sermon which I have printed on [1 Corinthians 14:3](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/14/3), entitled, "The Christian Prophet and his Work;" and [Genesis 20:7](../../../kjv/genesis/20/7); [Genesis 20:7](../../../kjv/genesis/20/7).
***A psaltery*** — נבל *nebel*. As the word signifies in other places a *bottle* or *flagon*, it was probably something like the *utricularia* *tibia* or BAG-PIPE. It often occurs both with the Greeks and Romans, and was evidently borrowed from the *Hebrews*.
***A tabret*** — תף *toph*; a sort of *drum* or *cymbal*.
***A pipe*** — חליל *chalil*, from חל *chal, to make a hole* or *opening*; a sort of *pipe, flute, hautboy, clarionet*, or the like.
***A harp*** — כנור *kinnor*; a stringed instrument similar to our harp, or that on the model of which a harp was formed. On these different instruments I shall have occasion to speak more at large when I come to the *Psalms*.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:7](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/7). ***Thou do as occasion serve thee*** — After God has shown thee all these signs that thou art under his especial guidance, fear not to undertake any thing that belongs to thy office, for God is with thee.
What a number of circumstances thus precisely foretold! Does not this prove that Samuel was under the continual inspiration of the Almighty?

Verse [1 Samuel 10:8](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/8). ***Seven days shalt thou tarry*** — I will come to thee within seven days, offer sacrifices, receive directions from the Lord, and deliver them to thee. It is likely that these seven *days* *referred* to the time in which Samuel came to Saul to Gilgal, offered sacrifices, and confirmed the kingdom to him, after he had defeated the Ammonites. See [1 Samuel 11:14-15](../../../kjv/1-samuel/11/14-15).

Verse [1 Samuel 10:10](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/10). ***Behold, a company of prophets*** — See on [1 Samuel 10:5](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/5), &c.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:12](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/12). ***But who*****is*****their father?*** — The Septuagint, in its principal editions, adds ου Κεις; *is it not Kish*? This makes the sense more complete.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:13](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/13). ***He came to the high place.*** — I suppose this to mean the place where Saul's father lived; as it is evident the next verse shows him to be at *home*.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:14](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/14). ***Saul's uncle*** — The word דוד *dod* signifies a *beloved* *one, love*, a *lover, friend*, c. and is the same as *David*. It is supposed to mean *uncle* here; but I think it means some *familiar* *friend*.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:18](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/18). ***I brought up Israel out of Egypt*** — These are similar to the upbraidings in [1 Samuel 8:7](../../../kjv/1-samuel/8/7), &c.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:19](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/19). ***Present yourselves - by your tribes*** — It appears that, in order to find out the proper person who should be made their king, they must determine by lot:
1. The *tribe*.
2. The *thousands* or *grand divisions* by families.
3. The *smaller divisions* by families. And,
4. The *individual*.
When the lot was cast for the tribe, *Benjamin* was taken; when for the *thousand*, the division of *Matri* was taken; when for the *family*, the family of *Kish* was taken; when for the *individual, Saul*, the son of Kish, was taken.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:21](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/21). ***When they sought him, he could not be found.*** — Through modesty or fear he had secreted himself.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:22](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/22). ***The Lord answered*** — What a continual access to God! and what condescension in his attention to all their requests!
The *stuff* among which he had secreted himself may mean the *carts, baggage*, &c., brought by the people to Mizpeh.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:24](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/24). ***God save the king.*** — יחי המלך There is no such word here; no, nor in the whole Bible; nor is it countenanced by any of the *versions*. The words which we thus translate here and elsewhere are simply *yechi hammelech*, "May the king live; " and so all the *versions*, the *Targum* excepted, which says, *May the king* *prosper*! The French *Vive le roi*! is a proper version of the Hebrew.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:25](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/25). ***The manner of the kingdom*** — It is the same word as in [1 Samuel 8:9](../../../kjv/1-samuel/8/9); and doubtless the same thing is implied as is there related. But possibly there was some kind of *compact* or *covenant* between *them* and *Saul*; and this was the thing that was *written in* *a book*, and *laid up before the Lord*, probably near the *ark*.

Verse [1 Samuel 10:26](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/26). ***A band of men*** — Not a *military band*, as I imagine, but some *secret friends*, or *companions*, who were personally attached to him. Others think that all the men fit to bear arms are intended; but this seems inconsistent with the life that Saul led for some time afterwards; for he appears to have gone into his agricultural concerns, and waited for a call from the Divine providence. See [1 Samuel 11:5](../../../kjv/1-samuel/11/5).

Verse [1 Samuel 10:27](../../../kjv/1-samuel/10/27). ***Brought him no presents*** — They gave him no proofs that they acknowledged either the Divine appointment or his authority. The Arab chiefs are, to this day, when on a march or excursion of any kind, supplied with every necessary by the *free-will offerings* or *presents* of the people in the villages or places where they encamp. Saul was now a public character, and had a right to support from the public. These sons of Belial refused to bear their part; they *brought him no presents*. He marked it, but at present held his peace; *he was as if he were deaf*: so says the text. He was prudent, and did not immediately assume all the consequence to which his office entitled him. It is probable, however, that *tribute* is meant by the word *present*. The people in general finding they had now a king, took it for granted that they must pay tribute or taxes to him. This was a part of the *manner of* *the king* which Samuel had shown them; the great majority had done so, but certain refractory people refused to pay any thing, on the pretence that such a person as Saul could not be a deliverer of Israel. *How*, say they, *shall this man save us*?

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