---
title: "Clarke"
description: "Verse Genesis 17:1. The Lord appeared to Abram — Genesis 15:1. I am the Almighty God — אני אל שדי ani El shaddai, I am God all-sufficient; from shadah, to"
image: "/images/missing.jpg"
url: "https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/genesis/17"
---

![Clarke](/images/commentaries/clarkes-commentary.jpg)

 The Clarke's Commentary
 
Include 66 books
 
Denomination: arminianism
 
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Verse [Genesis 17:1](../../../kjv/genesis/17/1). ***The Lord appeared to Abram*** — [Genesis 15:1](../../../kjv/genesis/15/1).
***I am the Almighty God*** — אני אל שדי *ani El shaddai, I am God* *all-sufficient*; from *shadah*, to *shed*, to *pour out*. I am that God who *pours* out *blessings*, who gives them *richly*, *abundantly, continually*.
***Walk before me*** — התהלך לפני *hithhallech lephanai, set thyself to* *walk*- be firmly purposed, thoroughly determined to obey, *before me*; for my eye is ever on thee, therefore ever consider that God seeth thee. Who can imagine a stronger incitement to conscientious, persevering obedience?
***Be thou perfect.*** — והיה תמים *vehyeh thamim*, *and thou shalt be* *perfections*, i.e., a together perfect. Be just such as the *holy* God would have thee to be, as the *almighty* God can make thee and live as the *all-sufficient God* shall support thee; for he alone who makes the soul holy can preserve it in holiness. Our blessed Lord appears to have had these words pointedly in view, [Matthew 5:48](../../../kjv/matthew/5/48): Εσεσθε ὑμεις τελειοι, ὡσπερ ὁ Πατηρ ὑμων ὁ εν τοις ουρανοις τελειος εστι· *Ye* SHALL BE *perfect, as your Father who is in heaven is perfect*. But what does this imply? Why, to be saved from all the power, the guilt, and the contamination of sin. This is only the *negative* part of salvation, but it has also a *positive* part; to be made *perfect*- to be perfect as our Father who is in heaven is perfect, to be filled with the fulness of God, to have Christ dwelling continually in the heart by faith, and to be rooted and grounded in love. This is the state *in* which man was created, for he was made in the image and likeness of God. This is the state *from* which man fell, for he broke the command of God. And this is the state *into* which every human soul must be raised, who would dwell with God in glory; for Christ was incarnated and died to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. What a glorious privilege! And who can doubt the possibility of its attainment, who believes in the omnipotent love of God, the infinite merit of the blood of atonement, and the all-pervading and all-purifying energy of the Holy Ghost? How many miserable souls employ that time to dispute and cavil against the possibility of being saved *from* their sins, which they should devote to praying and believing that they might be saved out of the hands of their enemies! But some may say, "You overstrain the meaning of the term; it signifies only, *be* *sincere*; for as perfect obedience is impossible, God accepts of *sincere* obedience." If by *sincerity* the objection means *good* *desires*, and generally *good purposes*, with an *impure heart* and *spotted life*, then I assert that no such thing is implied in the text, nor in the original word; but if the word *sincerity* be taken in its proper and literal sense, I have no objection to it. *Sincere* is compounded of *sine cera*, "without wax;" and, applied to moral subjects, is a metaphor taken from clarified honey, from which every atom of the comb or wax is separated. Then let it be proclaimed from heaven, *Walk before me*, *and be* SINCERE! purge out the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump unto God; and thus ye shall be perfect, as your Father who is in heaven is perfect. This is *sincerity*. Reader, remember that the blood of Christ cleanseth from all sin. Ten thousand quibbles on insulated texts can never lessen, much less destroy, the merit and efficacy of the great Atonement.

Verse [Genesis 17:3](../../../kjv/genesis/17/3). ***And Abram fell on his face*** — The eastern method of prostration was thus: the person first went down on his knees, and then lowered his head to his knees, and touched the earth with his forehead. A very painful posture, but significative of great humiliation and reverence.

Verse [Genesis 17:5](../../../kjv/genesis/17/5). ***Thy name shall be Abraham*** — Abram אברם literally signifies a *high* or *exalted father*. Ab-ra-ham אברהם differs from the preceding only in one letter; it has ה *he* before the last radical. Though this may appear very simple and easy, yet the true etymology and meaning of the word are very difficult to be assigned. The reason given for the change made in the patriarch's name is this: *For a father of many nations have I made thee*, אב המון גוים ab-hamon goyim, "a father of a multitude of nations." This has led some to suppose that אברהם *Abraham*, is a contraction for אב רב המון *ab-rab-hamon*, "the father of a great multitude."
*Aben Ezra* says the name is derived from אביר המון *abir-hamon*, "a powerful multitude."
*Rabbi Solomon Jarchi* defines the name *cabalistically*, and says that its *numeral letters* amount to *two hundred* and *forty-eight*, which, says he, is the exact number of the *bones in the human* *body*. But before the ה *he* was added, which stands for *five*, it was five short of this perfection.
*Rabbi Lipman* says the ה *he* being added as the *fourth letter,* signifies that the Messiah should come in the fourth millenary of the world.
*Clarius* and others think that the ה *he*, which is one of the letters of the Tetragrammaton, (or word of four letters, יהוה Y*e*H*o*V*a*H,) was added for the sake of *dignity*, God associating the patriarch more nearly to himself, by thus imparting to him a portion of his own name.
Having enumerated so many opinions, that of *William Alabaster*, in his *Apparatus to the Revelation*, should not be passed by. He most wisely says that *ab-ram* or *ab-rom* signifies *father of the* *Romans*, and consequently the *pope*; therefore Abraham was *pope the* *first*! This is just as likely as some of the preceding etymologies.
From all these learned as well as puerile conjectures we may see the extreme difficulty of ascertaining the true meaning of the word, though the *concordance makers, and proper name explainers* find no difficulty at all in the case; and pronounce on it as readily and authoritatively as if they had been in the Divine council when it was first imposed.
*Hottinger*, in his *Smegma Orientale*, supposes the word to be derived from the Arabic root [Arabic] *rahama*, which signifies *to* *be very numerous*. Hence [Arabic] *ab raham* would signify a *copious* *father* or *father of a multitude*. This makes a very good sense, and agrees well with the context. Either this etymology or that which supposes the inserted ה *he* to be an abbreviation of the word המן *hamon, multitude*, is the most likely to be the true one. But this last would require the word to be written, when full, אב רם המון *ab-ram-hamon*.
The same difficulty occurs, [Genesis 17:15](../../../kjv/genesis/17/15), on the word *Sarai*, שרי which signifies *my prince* or *princess*, and *Sarah*, שרה where the whole change is made by the substitution of a ה *he* for a י *yod*. This latter might be translated *princess* in general; and while the former seems to point out her government in her *own family alone*, the latter appears to indicate her government over the *nations* of which her husband is termed the *father* or *lord*; and hence the promise states that *she shall be a* *mother of nations*, and that *kings of people should spring from* *her*. See [Genesis 17:15-16](../../../kjv/genesis/17/15-16).
Now as the only change in each name is made by the insertion of a single letter, and that letter the same in *both* names, I cannot help concluding that some *mystery* was designed by its insertion; and therefore the opinion of *Clarius* and some others is not to be disregarded, which supposes that God shows he had conferred a peculiar *dignity* on both, by adding to their names one of the letters of his own: a name by which his eternal power and Godhead are peculiarly pointed out.
From the difficulty of settling the etymology of these two names, on which so much stress seems to be laid in the text, the reader will see with what caution he should receive the *lists of* *explanations* of the proper names in the Old and New Testaments, which he so frequently meets with, and which I can pronounce to be in general *false* or *absurd*.

Verse [Genesis 17:7](../../../kjv/genesis/17/7). ***An everlasting covenant*** — ברית עולם *berith olam*. [Genesis 13:15](../../../kjv/genesis/13/15). Here the word *olam* is taken in its own proper meaning, as the words immediately following prove - *to be a God unto thee, and thy* *seed after thee*; for as the soul is to endure for ever, so it shall eternally stand in need of the supporting power and energy of God; and as the reign of the Gospel dispensation shall be as long as sun and moon endure, and its consequences *eternal*, so must the covenant be on which these are founded.

Verse [Genesis 17:8](../../../kjv/genesis/17/8). ***Everlasting possession*** — Here עולם *olam* appears to be used in its *accommodated* meaning, and signifies the completion of the Divine counsel in reference to a particular period or dispensation. And it is literally true that the Israelites possessed the land of Canaan till the Mosaic dispensation was terminated in the complete introduction of that of the Gospel. But as the spiritual and temporal covenants are both blended together, and the former was pointed out and typified by the latter, hence the word even here may be taken in its own proper meaning, that of *ever-during*, or *eternal*; because the spiritual blessings pointed out by the temporal covenant *shall have no end*. And hence it is immediately added, *I will be their God*, not for a *time*, certainly, but *for ever* and *ever*. [Genesis 21:33](../../../kjv/genesis/21/33).

Verse [Genesis 17:10](../../../kjv/genesis/17/10). ***Every man - child - shall be circumcised.*** — Those who wish to invalidate the evidence of the Divine origin of the Mosaic law, roundly assert that the Israelites received the rite of circumcision from the Egyptians. Their apostle in this business is Herodotus, who, lib. ii., p. 116, Edit. Steph. 1592, says: "The Colchians, Egyptians, and Ethiopians, are the only nations in the world who have used circumcision απ αρχης, from the remotest period; and the Phoenicians and Syrians who inhabit Palestine acknowledge they received this from the Egyptians." Herodotus cannot mean *Jews* by Phoenicians and Syrians; if he does he is incorrect, for no Jew ever did or ever could *acknowledge* this, with the history of Abraham in his hand. If Herodotus had written before the days of Abraham, or at least before the sojourning of the children of Israel in Egypt, and informed us that circumcision had been practised among them απ αρχης, *from the beginning*, there would then exist a possibility that the Israelites while sojourning among them had learned and adopted this rite. But when we know that Herodotus flourished only 484 years before the Christian era, and that Jacob and his family sojourned in Egypt more than 1800 years before Christ, and that all the descendants of Abraham most conscientiously observed circumcision, and do so to this day, then the presumption is that the Egyptians received it from the Israelites, but that it was impossible the latter could have received it from the former, as they had practised it so long before their ancestors had sojourned in Egypt.

Verse [Genesis 17:11](../../../kjv/genesis/17/11). ***And it shall be a token*** — לאות *leoth*, for a sign of spiritual things; for the circumcision made in the flesh was designed to signify the purification of the heart from all unrighteousness, as God particularly showed in the law itself. See [Deuteronomy 10:16](../../../kjv/deuteronomy/10/16); see also [Romans 2:25-29](../../../kjv/romans/2/25-29); [Colossians 2:11](../../../kjv/colossians/2/11). And it was *a seal of* that *righteousness* or justification that comes by *faith*, [Romans 4:11](../../../kjv/romans/4/11). That some of the Jews had a just notion of its *spiritual* intention, is plain from many passages in the Chaldee paraphrases and in the Jewish writers. I borrow one passage from the book *Zohar*, quoted by Ainsworth: "At what time a man is sealed with this holy seal, (of circumcision,) thenceforth he seeth the holy blessed God properly, and the holy soul is united to him. If he be not worthy, and keepeth not this sign, what is written? *By* *the breath of God they perish*, ([Job 4:9](../../../kjv/job/4/9)), because this seal of the holy blessed God was not kept. But if he be worthy, and keep it, the Holy Ghost is not separated from him."

Verse [Genesis 17:12](../../../kjv/genesis/17/12). ***He that is eight days old*** — Because previously to this they were considered unclean, [Leviticus 12:2-3](../../../kjv/leviticus/12/2-3), and circumcision was ever understood as a *consecration of the person to God*. Neither calf, lamb, nor kid, was offered to God till it was eight days old for the same reason, [Leviticus 22:27](../../../kjv/leviticus/22/27).

Verse [Genesis 17:13](../../../kjv/genesis/17/13). ***He that is born in thy house*** — The son of a servant; *he that is bought with thy money*- a slave on his coming into the family. According to the Jewish writers the father was to circumcise his son; and the master, the servant born in his house, or the slave bought with money. If the father or master neglected to do this, then the magistrates were obliged to see it performed; if the neglect of this ordinance was unknown to the magistrates, then the person himself, when he came of age, was obliged to do it.

Verse [Genesis 17:14](../../../kjv/genesis/17/14). ***The uncircumcised - shall be cut off from his people*** — By being cut off some have imagined that a sudden temporal death was implied; but the simple meaning seems to be that such should have no right to nor share in the blessings of the covenant, which we have already seen were both of a temporal and spiritual kind; and if so, then eternal death was implied, for it was impossible for a person who had not received the *spiritual purification* to enter into eternal glory. The *spirit* of this law extends to all ages, dispensations, and people; he whose heart is not purified from sin cannot enter into the kingdom of God. Reader, on *what* is thy hope of heaven founded?

Verse [Genesis 17:15](../../../kjv/genesis/17/15). ***Thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah*** — [Genesis 17:5](../../../kjv/genesis/17/5); [Genesis 17:5](../../../kjv/genesis/17/5).

Verse [Genesis 17:16](../../../kjv/genesis/17/16). ***I will bless her, c.*** — Sarah certainly stands at the head of all the women of the Old Testament, on account of her extraordinary privileges. I am quite of Calmet's opinion that Sarah was a type of the blessed *Virgin*. St. Paul considers her a type of the *New Testament* and heavenly Jerusalem and as all *true* *believers* are considered as the *children of Abraham*, so all *faithful holy women* are considered *the daughters of Sarah*, [Galatians 4:22](../../../kjv/galatians/4/22); [Galatians 4:24](../../../kjv/galatians/4/24); [Galatians 4:26](../../../kjv/galatians/4/26). See also [1 Peter 3:6](../../../kjv/1-peter/3/6).

Verse [Genesis 17:17](../../../kjv/genesis/17/17). ***Then Abraham - laughed*** — I am astonished to find learned and pious men considering this as a token of Abraham's *weakness of* *faith* or *unbelief*, when they have the most positive assurance from the Spirit of God himself that *Abraham was not weak but strong in* *the faith*; that *he staggered not at the promise through unbelief*, but gave *glory to God*, [Romans 4:19-20](../../../kjv/romans/4/19-20). It is true the same word is used, [Genesis 18:12](../../../kjv/genesis/18/12), concerning Sarah, in whom it was certainly a sign of doubtfulness, though mixed with pleasure at the thought of the possibility of her becoming a mother; but we know how possible it is to express both *faith* and *unbelief* in the same way, and even pleasure and disdain have been expressed by a smile or laugh. By *laughing* Abraham undoubtedly expressed his *joy* at the prospect of the fulfilment of so glorious a promise; and from this very circumstance *Isaac* had his name. יצחק *yitschak*, which we change into *Isaac*, signifies *laughter*; and it is the same word which is used in the verse before us: *Abraham fell on his face*, ויצחק vaiyitschak, and he laughed; and to the *joy* which he felt on this occasion our Lord evidently alludes, [John 8:56](../../../kjv/john/8/56): *Your father Abraham* REJOICED *to see my day; and he saw it, and* *was* GLAD. And to commemorate this joy he called his son's name *Isaac*. [Genesis 21:6](../../../kjv/genesis/21/6).

Verse [Genesis 17:18](../../../kjv/genesis/17/18). ***O that Ishmael might live before thee!*** — Abraham, finding that the covenant was to be established in *another* branch of his family, felt solicitous for his son Ishmael, whom he considered as necessarily excluded; on which God delivers that most remarkable prophecy which follows in [Genesis 17:20](../../../kjv/genesis/17/20), and which contains an answer to the prayer and wish of Abraham: *And as for* *Ishmael I have heard thee*; so that the object of Abraham's prayer was, that his son Ishmael might be the head of a prosperous and potent people.

Verse [Genesis 17:20](../../../kjv/genesis/17/20). ***Twelve princes shall he beget, &c.*** — See the names of these *twelve princes*, [Genesis 25:12-16](../../../kjv/genesis/25/12-16). From Ishmael proceeded the various tribes of the Arabs, called also *Saracens* by Christian writers. They were anciently, and still continue to be, a very numerous and powerful people. "It was somewhat wonderful, and not to be foreseen by human sagacity," says Bishop Newton, "that a man's whole posterity should so nearly resemble him, and retain the same inclinations, the same habits, and the same customs, throughout all ages! These are the only people besides the Jews who have subsisted as a distinct people from the beginning, and in some respects they very much resemble each other
1. The Arabs, as well as the Jews, are descended from Abraham, and both boast of their descent from the father of the faithful.
2. The Arabs, as well as the Jews, are circumcised, and both profess to have derived this ceremony from Abraham.
3. The Arabs, as well as the Jews, had originally *twelve patriarchs*, who were their princes or governors.
4. The Arabs, as well as the Jews, marry among themselves, and in their own tribes.
5. The Arabs, as well as the Jews, are singular in several of their customs, and are standing monuments to all ages of the exactness of the Divine predictions, and of the veracity of Scripture history.
We may with more confidence believe the particulars related of Abraham and Ishmael when we see them verified in their posterity at this day. This is having, as it were, ocular demonstration for our faith." See Bp. Newton's *Second Dissertation on the Prophecies*, and [Genesis 16:12](../../../kjv/genesis/16/12).

Verse [Genesis 17:21](../../../kjv/genesis/17/21). ***My covenant will I establish with Isaac*** — All *temporal* good things are promised to Ishmael and his posterity, but the establishment of the Lord's covenant is to be with Isaac. Hence it is fully evident that this covenant referred chiefly to *spiritual* *things*-to the Messiah, and the salvation which should be brought to both Jews and Gentiles by his incarnation, death, and glorification.

Verse [Genesis 17:22](../../../kjv/genesis/17/22). ***God went up from Abraham.*** — Ascended evidently before him, so that he had the fullest proof that it was no human being, no earthly angel or messenger, that talked with him; and the promise of a son in the course of a single year, *at this set time* *in the next year*, [Genesis 17:21](../../../kjv/genesis/17/21), which had every human probability against it, was to be the sure token of the truth of all that had hitherto taken place, and the proof that all that was farther promised should be fulfilled in its due time. Was it not in nearly the same way in which the Lord went up from Abraham, that Jesus Christ ascended to heaven in the presence of his disciples? [Luke 24:51](../../../kjv/luke/24/51).

Verse [Genesis 17:23](../../../kjv/genesis/17/23). ***And Abraham took Ishmael, c.*** — Had not Abraham, his son, (who was of age to judge for himself,) and all the family, been fully convinced that this thing was of God, they could not have submitted to it. A rite so painful, so repugnant to every feeling of delicacy, and every way revolting to nature, could never have sprung up in the imagination of man. To this day the Jews practise it as a Divine ordinance and all the Arabians do the same. As a distinction between *them* and *other people* it never could have been designed, because it was a *sign* that was never to *appear*. The individual alone knew that he bore in his flesh this sign of the covenant, and he bore it by the order of God, and he knew it was a *sign* and *seal* of spiritual blessings, and not the blessings themselves, though a proof that these blessings were promised, and that he had a *right* to them. Those who did not consider it in this spiritual reference are by the apostle denominated the *concision*, [Philippians 3:2](../../../kjv/philippians/3/2), i.e., persons whose flesh was cut, but whose hearts were not purified.
THE contents of this chapter may be summed up in a few propositions: -
1. God, in renewing his *covenant* with Abram, makes an important *change* in his and Sarai's name; a change which should ever act as a help to their faith, that the promises by which God had bound himself should be punctually fulfilled. However difficult it may be for us to ascertain the precise import of the change then made, we may rest assured that it was perfectly understood by both; and that, as they had received this name from God, they considered it as placing them in a new relation both to their *Maker* and to their posterity. From what we have already seen, the change made in Abram's name is *inscrutable* to us; there is something like this in [Revelation 2:17](../../../kjv/revelation/2/17): *To him that overcometh will I give a white stone*, and a NEW NAME-*which no man knoweth, saving he that receiveth it*. The full import of the *change* made in a soul that enters into covenant with God through Christ, is only known to itself; a stranger intermeddleth not with its joy. Hence, even men of learning and the world at large have considered experimental religion as enthusiasm, merely because they have not understood its nature, and have permitted themselves to be carried away by prejudices which they have imbibed perhaps at first through the means of ignorant or hypocritical pretenders to deep piety; but while they have the sacred writings before them, their prejudices and opposition to that without which they cannot be saved are as unprincipled as they are absurd.
2. God gives Abraham a *precept*, which should be observed, not only by himself, but by all his posterity; for this was to be a permanent sign of that covenant which was to endure for ever. Though the sign is now changed from *circumcision* to *baptism*, each of them equally significant, yet the covenant is not changed in any part of its essential meaning. Faith in God through the great sacrifice, remission of sins, and sanctification of the heart, are required by the new covenant as well as by the old.
3. The rite of *circumcision* was *painful* and *humiliating*, to denote that *repentance, self-denial, c.*, are absolutely necessary to all who wish for redemption in the blood of the covenant and *the putting away this filth of the flesh* showed the necessity of a pure heart and a holy life.
4. As eternal life is the free gift of God, he has a right to give it in what way he pleases, and on what terms. He says to Abraham and his seed, *Ye shall circumcise the flesh of your* *foreskin*, and he that doth not so *shall be cut off from his* *people*. He says also to sinners in general, *Let the wicked* *forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts; Repent, and* *believe the Gospel*; and, *Except ye repent, ye shall perish*. These are the *terms* on which he will bestow the blessings of the old and new covenants. And let it be remembered that stretching out the hand to receive an alms can never be considered as *meriting* the *bounty* received, neither can repentance or faith *merit* salvation, although they are the conditions on which it is bestowed.
5. The *precepts* given under both covenants were accompanied with a *promise* of the *Messiah*. God well knows that no religious rite can be properly observed, and no precept obeyed, unless he impart strength from on high; and he teaches us that that strength must ever come through the promised seed. Hence, with the utmost propriety, we ask every blessing *through him*, in whom God is well pleased.
6. The *precept*, the *promise*, and the *rite*, were prefaced with, "I am God all-sufficient; walk before me, and be thou perfect." God, who is the sole object of religious worship, has the sole authority to prescribe that worship, and the rites and ceremonies which shall be used in it; hence he prescribed *circumcision* and *sacrifices* under the old law, and *baptism* and the *eucharist* under the Gospel; and to render both effectual to the end of their institution, *faith* in God was indispensably necessary.
7. Those who profess to believe in him must not live as *they* list, but as *he* pleases. Though redeemed from the curse of the law, and from the rites and ceremonies of the *Jewish Church*, they are *under the law to Christ*, and *must walk before him*- be in all things obedient to that *moral* law which is an emanation from the righteousness of God, and of eternal obligation; and let it ever be remembered that Christ is "the author of eternal salvation to all that obey him." Without faith and obedience there can be no holiness, and without holiness none can see the Lord. Be all that God would have thee to be, and God will be to the"' all that thou canst possibly require. He never gives a precept but he offers sufficient grace to enable thee to perform it. Believe as he would have thee, and act as he shall strengthen thee, and thou wilt believe all things *savingly*, and do all things *well*.

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