---
title: "Clarke"
description: "Verse Isaiah 28:1. Wo to the crown of pride — By the crown of pride, c., Samaria is primarily understood. \"Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, is situated on a"
image: "/images/missing.jpg"
url: "https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28"
---

Verse [Isaiah 28:1](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/1). ***Wo to the crown of pride*** — By the crown of pride, c., *Samaria* is primarily understood. "Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, is situated on a long mount of an oval figure, having first a fruitful valley, and then a ring of hills running round about it" *Maundrell*, p. 58. "E regione horum ruderum mons est peramoenus, planitie admodum frugifera circumseptus, super quem olim Samaria urbs condita fuit;" Fureri Itinerarium, p. 93. The city, beautifully situated on the top of a round hill, and surrounded immediately with a rich valley and a circle of other hills beyond it, suggested the idea of a chaplet or wreath of flowers worn upon their heads on occasions of festivity, expressed by *the proud* *crown and the fading flower of the drunkards*. That this custom of wearing chaplets in their banquets prevailed among the Jews, as well as among the Greeks and Romans, appears from the following passage of the book of Wisdom: -
"Let us fill ourselves with costly wine and ointments,
And let no flower of the spring pass by us:
Let us crown ourselves with rose-buds before they are
withered."
*Wisd. 2:7, 8*.

Verse [Isaiah 28:2](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/2). ***Behold the Lord hath a mighty and strong one*** - "Behold the mighty one, the exceedingly strong one"] אמץ לאדני *ammits* *ladonai, fortis Domino*, i.e., *fortissimmus*, a Hebraism. For לאדני *ladonai, to the Lord, thirty-eight* MSS. Of Dr. *Kennicott's* and many of *De Rossi's*, with some of my own, and *two* editions, read ליהוה *laihovah, to JEHOVAH*.

Verse [Isaiah 28:3](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/3). ***The crown of pride, the drunkards of Ephraim***- "The proud crown of the drunkards of Ephraim"] I read עטרות *ataroth, crowns*, plural, to agree with the verb תרמסנה *teramasnah*, "shall be trodden down."

Verse [Isaiah 28:4](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/4). ***The hasty fruit before the summer*** - "The early fruit before the summer"] "No sooner doth the *boccore*, (the early fig,) draw near to perfection in the middle or latter end of June, than the *kermez* or summer fig begins to be formed, though it rarely ripens before August; about which time the same tree frequently throws out a third crop, or the winter fig, as we may call it. This is usually of a much longer shape and darker complexion than the kermez, hanging and ripening upon the tree even after the leaves are shed; and, provided the winter proves mild and temperate, is gathered as a delicious morsel in the spring;" *Shaw*, Travels, p. 370, fol. The image was very obvious to the inhabitants of Judea and the neighbouring countries, and is frequently applied by the prophets to express a desirable object; by none more elegantly than by Hosea, [Hosea 9:10](../../../kjv/hosea/9/10): -
"Like grapes in the wilderness I found Israel;
Like the first ripe fig in her prime, I saw your fathers."

***Which*****when*****he that looketh upon it seeth*** - "Which whoso seeth, he plucketh it immediately"] For יראה *yireh*, which with הראה *haroeh* makes a miserable tautology, read, by a transposition of a letter, יארה *yoreh*; a happy conjecture of *Houbigant*. The image expresses in the strongest manner the great ease with which the Assyrians shall take the city and the whole kingdom, and the avidity with which they shall seize the rich prey without resistance.

Verse [Isaiah 28:5](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/5). ***In that day*** — Thus far the prophecy relates to the Israelites, and manifestly denounces their approaching destruction by Shalmaneser. Here it turns to the two tribes of Judah and Benjamin, the remnant of God's people who were to continue a kingdom after the final captivity of the Israelites. It begins with a favourable prognostication of their affairs under Hezekiah; but soon changes to reproofs and threatenings for their intemperance, disobedience, and profaneness.
Jonathan's Targum on this verse is worthy of notice: "In that time Messiah, the Lord of hosts משיחא דיי צבאות *meshicha dayai* *tsebaoth*, shall be a crown of joy and a diadem of praise to the residue of his people." Kimchi says the rabbins in general are of this opinion. Here then the rabbins, and their most celebrated Targum, give the incommunicable name, יהוה צבאות *Yehovah tsebaoth,* *the Lord of hosts*, to our ever blessed Redeemer, Jesus Christ.

Verse [Isaiah 28:6](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/6). ***The battle to the gate*** - "The war to the gate *of the* *enemy*."] That is, who pursue the fleeing enemy even to the very gates of their own city. "But we were upon them even unto the entering of the gate," [2 Samuel 11:23](../../../kjv/2-samuel/11/23); that is, we drove the enemy back to their own gates. See also [1 Samuel 17:52](../../../kjv/1-samuel/17/52). The *Targum* says, The Messiah shall give the victory to those who go out to battle, that he may bring them back to their own houses in peace.

Verse [Isaiah 28:9](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/9). ***Whom shall he teach knowledge?*** - "Whom, say they, would he teach knowledge?"] The scoffers mentioned below, [Isaiah 28:14](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/14), are here introduced as uttering their sententious speeches; they treat God's method of dealing with them, and warning them by his prophets, with contempt and derision. What, say they, doth he treat us as mere infants just weaned? doth he teach us like little children, perpetually inculcating the same elementary lessons, the mere rudiments of knowledge; precept after precept, line after line, here and there, by little and little? imitating at the same time, and ridiculing, in [Isaiah 28:10](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/10), the concise prophetical manner. God, by his prophet, retorts upon them with great severity their own contemptuous mockery, turning it to a sense quite different from what they intended. Yes, saith he, it shall be in fact as you say; ye shall be taught by a strange tongue and a stammering lip; in a strange country; ye shall be carried into captivity by a people whose language shall be unintelligible to you, and which ye shall be forced to learn like children. And my dealing with you shall be according to your own words: it shall be command upon command for your punishment; it shall be line upon line, stretched over you to mark your destruction, (compare [2 Kings 21:13](../../../kjv/2-kings/21/13);) it shall come upon you at different times, and by different degrees, till the judgments, with which from time to time I have threatened you, shall have their full accomplishment.
Jerome seems to have rightly understood the general design of this passage as expressing the manner in which the scoffers, by their sententious speeches, turned into ridicule the warnings of God by his prophets, though he has not so well explained the meaning of the repetition of their speech in [Isaiah 28:13](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/13). His words are on [Isaiah 28:9](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/9) - "Solebant hoc ex persona prophetarum ludentes dicere:" and on [Isaiah 28:14](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/14) - "Quod supra diximus, cum irrisione solitos principes Judaeorum prophetis dicere, *manda, remanda*, et caetera his similia, per quae ostenditur, nequaquam eos prophetarum credidisse sermonibus, sed prophetiam habuisse despectui, praesens ostendit capitulum, per quod appellantur viri illusores." *Hieron. in loc*.
And so Jarchi interprets the word משלים *mishelim* in the next verse: Qui dicunt verba irrisionis parabolice." And the *Chaldee* paraphrases [Isaiah 28:11](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/11) to the same purpose, understanding it as spoken, not of God, but of the people deriding his prophets: "Quoniam in mutatione loquelae et in lingua subsannationis irridebant contra prophetas, qui prophetabant populo huic." - L.

Verse [Isaiah 28:10](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/10). ***For precept*****must be*****upon precept*** — The original is remarkably abrupt and sententious. The hemistichs are these: -

*Coverdale* is also singular: -

Commande that may be commanded;
Byd that maye be bydden:
Foorbyd that maye be forbydden;
Kepe backe that maye be kepte backe:
Here a litle, there a litle.

Verse [Isaiah 28:12](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/12). ***This*****is*****the rest*****- "This is the true rest"] The sense of this verse is: God had warned them by his prophets that their safety and security, their deliverance from their present calamities and from the apprehensions of still greater approaching, depended wholly on their trust in God, their faith and obedience; but they rejected this gracious warning with contempt and mockery.

Verse [Isaiah 28:15](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/15). ***A covenant with death*** — To be in covenant with, is a kind of proverbial expression to denote *perfect security* from evil and mischief of any sort: -
"For thou shalt be in league with the stones of the field;
And the beasts of the field shall be at peace with thee."
[Job 5:23](../../../kjv/job/5/23).

"And I will make a covenant for them with the beasts of
the field.
And with the fowls of heaven, and with the creeping things
of the ground."
[Hosea 2:18](../../../kjv/hosea/2/18).

That is, none of these shall hurt them. But Lucan, speaking of the Psylli, whose peculiar property it was to be unhurt by the bite of serpents, with which their country abounded, comes still nearer to the expression of Isaiah in this place: -

Gens unica terras
Incolit a saevo serpentum innoxia morsu
Marmaridae Psylli.__
Pax illis cum morte data est.
Pharsal. ix. 891.

"Of all who scorching Afric's sun endure,
None like the swarthy Psyllians are secure:
With healing gifts and privileges graced,
Well in the land of serpents were they placed:
Truce with the dreadful tyrant death they have,
And border safely on his realm the grave."
ROWE.

***We have made a covenant with death and with hell are we at**********agreement*** — עשינו חזה *asinu chozeh*, we have made a *vision*, we have had an *interview*, struck a bargain, and settled all preliminaries. So they had made a *covenant with hell* by *diabolic* *sacrifice*, כרתנו ברית carathnu berith. "We have cut the covenant sacrifice;" they divided it for the contracting parties to *pass* *between* the separated victim; for the victim was split exactly down the middle, so that even the *spinal marrow was exactly* *divided* through its whole length; and being set opposite to each other, the contracting parties entered, one at the head part, the other at the feet; and, meeting in the centre, took the covenant oath. Thus, it is intimated, these bad people made an agreement with שאול *sheol*, with *demons*, with whom they had an *interview;* i.e., meeting them in the covenant sacrifice! To such a pitch had the Israelitish idolatry reached at that time!

Verse [Isaiah 28:16](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/16). ***Behold, I lay in Zion*** — See the notes on the parallel places in the margin ([Genesis 49:32](../../../kjv/genesis/49/32); [Psalms 118:22](../../../kjv/psalms/118/22); [Matthew 21:42](../../../kjv/matthew/21/42); [Acts 4:11](../../../kjv/acts/4/11); [Romans 9:33](../../../kjv/romans/9/33); [Romans 10:11](../../../kjv/romans/10/11); [Ephesians 2:20](../../../kjv/ephesians/2/20); [1 Peter 2:6-8](../../../kjv/1-peter/2/6-8)). *Kimchi* understands this of *Hezekiah*; but it most undoubtedly belongs to Jesus Christ alone; and his application of it to himself, even the Jews could not contest. See the margin as above.

Verse [Isaiah 28:18](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/18). ***Your covenant with death shall be disannulled***- "Your covenant with death shall be broken"] For כפר *caphar*, which seems not to belong to this place, the *Chaldee* reads תפר *taphar*, which is approved by *Houbigant* and *Secker*. See [Jeremiah 33:21](../../../kjv/jeremiah/33/21), where the very same phrase is used. See Prelim. Dissert. p. l.

Verse [Isaiah 28:20](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/20). ***For the bed is shorter*** — A *mashal* or proverbial saying, the meaning of which is, that they will find all means of defence and protection insufficient to secure them, and cover them from the evils coming upon them. מסך *massek*, [Isaiah 22:8](../../../kjv/isaiah/22/8), the *covering*, is used for the outworks of defense, the barrier of the country; and here, in the allegorical sense, it means much the same thing. Their beds were only mattresses laid on the floor; and the coverlet a sheet, or in the winter a carpet, laid over it, in which the person wrapped himself. For כהתכנס *kehithcannes*, it ought probably to be מהתכנס *mehithcannes*. *Houbigant, Secker*.

Verse [Isaiah 28:21](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/21). ***As*****in*****Mount Perazim*** — כהר *kehar*; but בהר *bahar, IN the mount*, is the reading of two of *Kennicott's*, one of *De Rossi's*, and one of my own MSS.

Verse [Isaiah 28:22](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/22). ***The Lord God*** — אדני יהוה *Adonai Jehovah*. Adonai is omitted by four of *Kennicott's* MSS., and in the *Septuagint,* *Syriac*, and *Arabic*.

Verse [Isaiah 28:23](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/23). ***Give ye ear, and hear my voice*** - "Listen ye, and hear my voice"] The foregoing discourse, consisting of severe reproofs, and threatenings of dreadful judgments impending on the Jews for their vices, and their profane contempt of God's warnings by his messengers, the prophet concludes with an explanation and defence of God's method of dealing with his people in an elegant parable or allegory; in which he employs a variety of images, all taken from the science of agriculture. As the *husbandman* uses various methods in preparing his land, and adapting it to the several kinds of seeds to be sown, with a due observation of times and seasons; and when he hath gathered in his harvest, employs methods as various in separating the corn from the straw and the chaff by different instruments, according to the nature of the different sorts of grain; so God, with unerring wisdom, and with strict justice, instructs, admonishes, and corrects his people; chastises and punishes them in various ways, as the exigence of the case requires; now more moderately, now more severely; always tempering justice with mercy; in order to reclaim the wicked, to improve the good, and, finally, to separate the one from the other.

Verse [Isaiah 28:26](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/26). ***For his God doth instruct him*** — All nations have agreed in attributing agriculture, the most useful and the most necessary of all sciences, to the invention and to the suggestions of their deities. "The Most High hath ordained husbandry," saith the son of Sirach, Ecclus. 7:15.
Namque Ceres fertur fruges, Liberque liquoris
Vitigeni laticem mortalibus instituisse.
LUCRETIUS, v. 14.

"Ceres has taught mortals how to produce fruits; and Bacchus has taught them how to cultivate the vine."
Ὁ δ' ηπιος ανθρωποισι
Δεξια σημαινει, λαους δ' επι εργον εγειρει
Μιμνησκων βιοτοιο· λεγει δ' ὁτε βωλος αριστη
Βουσι τε και μακελῃσι· λεγει δ' ὁτε δεξιαι ὡραι
Και φυτα γυρωσαι, και σπερματα παντα βαλεσθαι.
ARATUS, *Phaenom*. v.

"He, Jupiter, to the human race
Indulgent, prompts to necessary toil
Man provident of life; with kindly signs
The seasons marks, when best to turn the glebe
With spade and plough, to nurse the tender plant,
And cast o'er fostering earth the seeds abroad."

Verse [Isaiah 28:27-28](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/27-28). Four methods of threshing are here mentioned, by different instruments; the *flail*, the *drag*, the *wain*, and the *treading of the cattle*. The *staff* or *flail* was used for the *infirmiora semina*, says Jerome, the grain that was too *tender* to be treated in the other methods. The *drag* consisted of a sort of strong planks, made rough at the bottom, with hard stones or iron; it was drawn by horses or oxen over the corn sheaves spread on the floor, the driver sitting upon it. Kempfer has given a print representing the manner of using this instrument, *Amaen. Exot*. p. 682, fig. 3. The *wain* was much like the former; but had *wheels* with *iron teeth*, or *edges* like a *saw*: Ferrata carpenta rotis per medium in serrarum modum se volventibus. Hieron. in loc. From this it would seem that the axle was armed with iron teeth or *serrated* *wheels* throughout. See a description and print of such a machine used at present in Egypt for the same purpose in *Niebuhr's* Voyage en Arabie, Tab. xvii. p. 123; it moves upon three rollers armed with iron teeth or wheels to cut the straw. In Syria they make use of the *drag*, constructed in the very same manner as above described; *Niebuhr*, Description de l'Arabie, p. 140. This not only forced out the grain, but cut the straw in pieces for fodder for the cattle; for in the eastern countries they have no *hay*. See *Harmer's* Observ. I. p. 425. The last method is well known from the law of Moses, which "forbids the ox to be muzzled, when he treadeth out the corn;" [Deuteronomy 25:4](../../../kjv/deuteronomy/25/4).

Verse [Isaiah 28:28](../../../kjv/isaiah/28/28). ***The bread-corn*** — I read ולהם *velahem*, on the authority of the *Vulgate* and *Symmachus*; the former expresses the conjunction ו *vau*, omitted in the text, by *autem*; the latter by δε.
***Bruise it*****with*****his horsemen*****- "Bruise it with the hoofs of his cattle."] For פרשיו *parashaiv, horsemen* or *teeth*, read פרסיו *perasaiv, hoofs*. So the *Syriac, Symmachus, Theodotion*, and the *Vulgate*. The first is read with ש *shin*, the latter with ס *samech*, the pronunciation is nearly the same.

```json
{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#website","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com","name":"Real Bible Believers","description":"RBB","publisher":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/search?q={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/images/missing.jpg","contentUrl":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/images/missing.jpg","width":640,"height":370,"caption":"Clarke's Commentary -  Isaiah 28"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28#webpage","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28","name":"Clarke's Commentary -  Isaiah 28","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28#primaryimage"},"datePublished":null,"dateModified":null,"author":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509"},"description":"Verse Isaiah 28:1. Wo to the crown of pride — By the crown of pride, c., Samaria is primarily understood. \"Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, is situated on a","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries","name":"Commentaries"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary","name":"Clarke's Commentary"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah","name":"Isaiah"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/isaiah/28","name":"28"}}]},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/android-chrome-512x512.png","contentUrl":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/android-chrome-512x512.png","width":512,"height":512},"logo":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#personlogo"},"sameAs":["https://twitter.com/RBiblebeliever","https://www.facebook.com/RBibleBelievers"]}]}
```