---
title: "Clarke"
description: "This chapter contains a prediction of the utter destruction of the city and temple of Jerusalem, and the subversion of the whole political constitution of"
image: "/images/missing.jpg"
url: "https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24"
---

This chapter contains a prediction of the utter destruction of the city and temple of Jerusalem, and the subversion of the whole political constitution of the Jews; and is one of the most valuable portions of the new covenant Scriptures, with respect to the *evidence* which it furnishes of the *truth* of Christianity. Every thing which our Lord foretold should come on the temple, city, and people of the Jews, has been fulfilled in the most correct and astonishing manner; and witnessed by a writer who was present during the whole, who was himself a Jew, and is acknowledged to be an historian of indisputable veracity in all those transactions which concern the destruction of Jerusalem. Without having designed it, he has written a commentary on our Lord's words, and shown how every tittle was punctually fulfilled, though he knew *nothing* of the Scripture which contained this remarkable prophecy. His account will be frequently referred to in the course of these notes; as also the admirable work of *Bishop* *Newton* on the prophecies.
Verse [Matthew 24:1](../../../kjv/matthew/24/1). ***And Jesus went out, and departed from, the temple*** — Or, *And Jesus, going out of the temple, was going away*. This is the arrangement of the words in several eminent manuscripts, versions, and fathers; and is much clearer than that in the common translation. The Jews say the temple was built of white and green-spotted marble. See *Lightfoot*. Josephus says the stones were white and strong; fifty feet long, twenty-four broad, and sixteen thick. Antiq. b. 15. c. xi. See [Mark 13:1](../../../kjv/mark/13/1).

Verse [Matthew 24:2](../../../kjv/matthew/24/2). ***See ye not all these things?*** — The common text, and many manuscripts, have ουβλεπετε, *Do ye not see*, or *consider*? But the *negative* particle is omitted by several excellent manuscripts, by the Coptic, Sahidic, Armenian, Ethiopic, Slavonic, Vulgate, and Itala versions, and by some of the primitive fathers, who all read it thus, *see*, or *consider all these things*.
***There shall not be left here one stone*** — These seem to have been the last words he spoke as he left the temple, into which he never afterwards entered; and, when he got to the mount of Olives, he renewed the discourse. From this mount, on which our Lord and his disciples now sat, the whole of the city, and particularly the temple, were clearly seen. This part of our Lord's prediction was fulfilled in the most literal manner. Josephus says, War, book vii. c. 1: "Caesar gave orders that they should now *demolish the* *whole city and temple*, τε πολιν απασαν και τον νεων κατασκεπτειν, except the three towers, *Phaselus, Hippicus*, and *Mariamne*, and a part of the western wall, and these were spared; but, for all the rest of the wall, it was laid so completely even with the ground, by those who *dug it up to the foundation*, that there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it had ever been inhabited." Maimonides, a Jewish rabbin, in Tract. *Taanith*, c. 4, says, "That the very foundations of the temple were digged up, according to the Roman custom." His words are these: "On that ninth day of the month Ab, fatal for vengeance, the wicked Turnus Rufus, of the children of Edom, ploughed up the temple, and the places round about it, that the saying might be fulfilled, *Zion* *shall be ploughed as a field*." This Turnus, or rather Terentius Rufus, was left general of the army by Titus, with commission, as the Jews suppose, to destroy the city and the temple, as Josephus observes.
The temple was destroyed
1st. *Justly*; because of the sins of the Jews.
2dly. *Mercifully*; to take away from them the occasion of continuing in Judaism: and
3dly. *Mysteriously*; to show that the ancient sacrifices were abolished, and that the whole Jewish economy was brought to an end, and the Christian dispensation introduced.

Verse [Matthew 24:3](../../../kjv/matthew/24/3). ***Tell us, when shall these things be?*** — There appear to be *three* questions asked here by the disciples.
1st. *When shall* *these things be*? viz. the *destruction* of the *city, temple*, and *Jewish state*.
2dly. *What shall be the sign of thy coming*? viz. to *execute* these judgments upon them, and to *establish* thy own Church: and
3dly. *When shall this world end*? When wilt thou come to *judge* the *quick* and the *dead*?
But there are some who maintain that these are but three parts of the *same* question, and that our Lord's answers only refer to the destruction of the Jewish state, and that nothing is spoken here concerning the LAST or *judgment* *day*.
***End of the world*** — του αιωνος; or, *of the age*, viz. the Jewish economy, which is a frequent *accommodated* meaning of the word αιων, the *proper* meaning of which is, as *Aristotle* (De Caelo) observes, ETERNAL. αιων, *quasi* αει ων *continual being*: and no words can more forcibly point out *eternity* than these. [Genesis 21:33](../../../kjv/genesis/21/33).

Verse [Matthew 24:4](../../../kjv/matthew/24/4). ***Take heed that no man deceive you.*** — The world is full of deceivers, and it is only by taking heed to the counsel of Christ that even his followers can escape being ruined by them. From this to [Matthew 24:31](../../../kjv/matthew/24/31), our Lord mentions the signs which should precede his coming.

The FIRST sign is *false Christs*.
Verse [Matthew 24:5](../../../kjv/matthew/24/5). ***For many shall come in my name*** —
1. Josephus says, (War, b. ii. c. 13,) that there were many who, pretending to Divine inspiration, deceived the people, leading out numbers of them to the *desert*, pretending that God would there show them the signs of liberty, meaning redemption from the Roman power: and that an Egyptian false prophet led 30,000 men into the desert, who were almost all cut off by *Felix*. See [Acts 21:38](../../../kjv/acts/21/38). It was a just judgment for God to deliver up that people into the hands of *false* *Christs* who had rejected the *true one*. Soon after our Lord's crucifixion, Simon Magus appeared, and persuaded the people of Samaria that he was *the great power of God*, [Acts 8:9-10](../../../kjv/acts/8/9-10); and boasted among the Jews that he was the *son of God*.
2. Of the same stamp and character was also *Dositheus*, the Samaritan, who pretended that he was *the Christ* foretold by Moses.
3. About twelve years after the death of our Lord, when *Cuspius* *Fadus* was procurator of Judea, arose an impostor of the name of *Theudas*, who said he was a *prophet*, and persuaded a great multitude to follow him with their best effects to the river Jordan, which he promised to divide for their passage; and saying these things, says Josephus, *he deceived many*: almost the very words of our Lord.
4. A few years afterwards, under the reign of Nero, while Felix was procurator of Judea, impostors of this stamp were so frequent that some were taken and killed almost every day. Jos. Ant. b. xx. c. 4. and 7.

The SECOND sign, *wars* and *commotions*.
Verse [Matthew 24:6](../../../kjv/matthew/24/6). The next signs given by our Lord are ***wars and rumours**********of wars*****, c.**] These may be seen in *Josephus*, Ant. b. xviii. c. 9 War, b. ii. c. 10; especially as to the *rumours of wars*, when Caligula ordered his statue to be set up in the temple of God, which the Jews having refused, had every reason to expect a war with the Romans, and were in such consternation on the occasion that they even neglected to till their land.

Verse [Matthew 24:7](../../../kjv/matthew/24/7). ***Nation shall rise against nation*** — This portended the dissensions, insurrections and mutual slaughter of the Jews, and those of other nations, who dwelt in the same cities together; as particularly at Caesarea, where the Jews and Syrians contended about the *right* of the city, which ended there in the total expulsion of the Jews, above 20,000 of whom were slain. The whole Jewish nation being exasperated at this, flew to arms, and burnt and plundered the neighbouring cities and villages of the *Syrians*, making an immense slaughter of the people. The Syrians, in return, destroyed not a less number of the Jews. At *Scythopolis* they murdered upwards of 13,000. At *Ascalon* they killed 2,500. At *Ptolemais* they slew 2000, and made many prisoners. The *Tyrians* also put many Jews to death, and imprisoned more: the people of *Gadara* did likewise; and all the other cities of *Syria* in proportion, as they hated or feared the Jews. As *Alexandria* the Jews and heathens fought, and 50,000 of the former were slain. The people of *Damascus* conspired against the Jews of that city, and, assaulting them unarmed, killed 10,000 of them. See Bishop *Newton*, and Dr. *Lardner*.
***Kingdom against kingdom*** — This portended the open wars of different *tetrarchies* and *provinces* against each other.
1st. That of the *Jews* and *Galileans* against the *Samaritans*, for the murder of some *Galileans* going up to the feast of Jerusalem, while *Cumanus* was procurator.
2dly. That of the whole nation of the *Jews* against the *Romans* and *Agrippa*, and other allies of the Roman empire; which began when *Gessius Florus* was procurator.
3dly. That of the civil war in *Italy*, while *Otho* and *Vitellius* were contending for the empire.
It is worthy of remark, that the Jews themselves say, "In the time of the Messiah, wars shall be stirred up in the world; nation shall rise against nation, and city against city." *Sohar Kadash*. "Again, Rab. Eleasar, the son of Abina, said, When ye see kingdom rising against kingdom, then expect the immediate appearance of the Messiah." *Bereshith Rabba*, sect. 42.
The THIRD sign, *pestilence* and *famine*.
It is farther added, that ***There shall be famines, and**********pestilences*** — There was a famine foretold by Agabus, ([Acts 11:28](../../../kjv/acts/11/28),) which is mentioned by *Suetonius, Tacitus*, and *Eusebius*; which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar, and was so severe at Jerusalem that Josephus says (Ant. b. xx. c. 2.) many died for lack of food. *Pestilences* are the usual attendants of famines: as the scarcity and badness of provisions generally produce epidemic disorders.
The FOURTH sign, *earthquakes* or *popular commotions*.
***Earthquakes, in divers places.*** — If we take the word σεισμοι from σειω *to shake*, in the first sense, then it means particularly those popular commotions and insurrections which have already been noted; and this I think to be the true meaning of the word: but if we confine it to *earthquakes*, there were several in those times to which our Lord refers; particularly one at *Crete* in the reign of Claudius, one at *Smyrna, Miletus, Chios, Samos*. See *Grotius*. One at *Rome*, mentioned by *Tacitus*; and one at *Laodicea* in the reign of *Nero*, in which the city was overthrown, as were likewise *Hierapolis* and *Colosse*. See *Tacit*. Annal. lib. xii. and lib. xiv. One at *Campania*, mentioned by *Seneca*; and one at *Rome*, in the reign of *Galba*, mentioned by *Suetonius* in the life of that emperor. Add to all these, a dreadful one in Judea, mentioned by *Josephus* (War, b. iv. c. 4.) accompanied by a *dreadful tempest,* *violent winds, vehement showers*, and continual *lightnings* and *thunders*; which led many to believe that these things portended some uncommon calamity.
The FIFTH sign, *fearful portents*.
To these St. Luke adds that there *shall be fearful sights and* *great signs from heaven* ([Luke 21:11](../../../kjv/luke/21/11).) Josephus, in his preface to the Jewish war, enumerates these.
1st. A *star* hung over the city like a *sword*; and a *comet* continued a whole *year*.
2d. The people being assembled at the feast of *unleavened bread*, at the ninth hour of the night, a *great light* shone about the altar and the temple, and this continued for half an hour.
3d. At the same feast, a *cow* led to sacrifice brought forth a *lamb* in the midst of the temple!
4th. The *eastern gate* of the temple, which was of *solid brass*, and very *heavy*, and could hardly be shut by *twenty* *men*, and was fastened by strong *bars* and *bolts*, was seen at the sixth hour of the night *to open of its own accord*!
5th. Before sun-setting there were seen, over all the country, *chariots* and *armies* fighting in the *clouds*, and besieging cities.
6th. At the feast of pentecost, when the priests were going into the inner temple by night, to attend their service, they heard first a motion and noise, and then a voice, as of a multitude, saying, LET US DEPART HENCE! 7th. What Josephus reckons one of the most terrible signs of all was, that one *Jesus*, a country fellow, *four* *years before the war began*, and when the city was in peace and plenty, came to the feast of tabernacles, and ran crying up and down the streets, day and night: "A voice from the east! a voice from the west! a voice from the four winds! a voice against Jerusalem and the temple! a voice against the bridegrooms and the brides! and a voice against all the people!" Though the magistrates endeavoured by stripes and tortures to restrain him, yet he still cried, with a mournful voice, "Wo, wo to Jerusalem!" And this he continued to do for several years together, going about the walls and crying with a loud voice: "Wo, wo to the city, and to the people, and to the temple!" and as he added, "Wo, wo to myself!" a stone from some sling or engine struck him dead on the spot!
It is worthy of remark that Josephus appeals to the testimony of *others*, who saw and heard these fearful things. *Tacitus*, a Roman historian, gives very nearly the same account with that of Josephus. Hist. lib. v.

Verse [Matthew 24:8](../../../kjv/matthew/24/8). ***All these are the beginning of sorrows.*** — ωδινων, *travailing pains*. The whole land of Judea is represented under the notion of a woman in grievous travail; but our Lord intimates, that all that had already been mentioned were only the first pangs and throes, and nothing in comparison of that hard and death-bringing labour, which should afterwards take place.
From the calamities of the *nation* in general, our Lord passes to those of the *Christians*; and, indeed, the sufferings of his followers were often occasioned by the judgments sent upon the land, as the poor Christians were charged with being the cause of these national calamities, and were cruelly persecuted on that account.

Verse [Matthew 24:9](../../../kjv/matthew/24/9). ***Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted*** — Rather, *Then they will deliver you up to affliction*, εις θλιψιν. By a bold figure of speech, *affliction* is here *personified*. They are to be delivered into affliction's own hand, to be harassed by all the modes of inventive torture.
***Ye shall be hated of all nations*** — Both *Jew* and *Gentile* will unite in persecuting and tormenting *you*. Perhaps παντων των εθνων means *all the Gentiles*, as in the parallel places in [Mark 13:9-11](../../../kjv/mark/13/9-11), and in [Luke 21:12-15](../../../kjv/luke/21/12-15), the *Jewish* persecution is mentioned *distinctly*. Ye shall be delivered up to COUNCILS and be beaten in SYNAGOGUES, and ye shall stand before governors and kings for my name's sake - be not anxiously careful beforehand what ye shall speak - for ye are not the speakers, but the Holy Spirit will speak by you - I will give you utterance and wisdom, which all your adversaries shall not be able to contradict or resist. We need go no farther than the Acts of the Apostles for the completion of these particulars. Some were delivered to *councils*, as Peter and John, [Acts 4:5](../../../kjv/acts/4/5). Some were brought before rulers and kings, as Paul before Gallio, [Acts 18:12](../../../kjv/acts/18/12), before Felix, [Acts 24](../../../kjv/acts/24), before Festus and Agrippa, [Acts 25](../../../kjv/acts/25). Some had *utterance and wisdom which their adversaries were not able to* *resist*: so Stephen, [Acts 6:10](../../../kjv/acts/6/10), and Paul, who made even Felix himself *tremble*, [Acts 24:25](../../../kjv/acts/24/25). Some were *imprisoned*, as Peter and John, [Acts 4:3](../../../kjv/acts/4/3). Some were *beaten*, as Paul and Silas, [Acts 16:23](../../../kjv/acts/16/23). Some were *put to death*, as Stephen, [Acts 7:59](../../../kjv/acts/7/59), and James the brother of John, [Acts 12:2](../../../kjv/acts/12/2). But if we look beyond the book of the Acts of the Apostles, to the bloody persecutions under *Nero*, we shall find these predictions still more amply fulfilled: in these, numberless Christians fell, besides those two champions of the faith Peter and Paul. And it was, as says Tertullian, *nominis praelium*, a war against the very name of *Christ*; for he who was called Christian had committed crime enough, in bearing the *name*, to be put to death. So true were our Saviour's words, that they should be hated of all men for *his* NAME'S *sake*.
But they were not only to be hated by the Gentiles, but they were to be betrayed by *apostates*.

Verse [Matthew 24:10](../../../kjv/matthew/24/10). ***Then shall many be offended, and shall betray one**********another*** — To illustrate this point, one sentence out of *Tacitus* (Annal. l. xv.) will be sufficient, who, speaking of the persecution under Nero, says, *At first several were seized, who* *confessed, and then by* THEIR DISCOVERY *a great multitude of others* *were convicted and executed*.

Verse [Matthew 24:11](../../../kjv/matthew/24/11). ***False prophets*** — Also were to be *raised up*; such as *Simon Magus* and his followers; and the false apostles complained of by St. Paul, [2 Corinthians 11:13](../../../kjv/2-corinthians/11/13), who were *deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the* *apostles of Christ*. Such also were *Hymeneus* and *Philetus*, [2 Timothy 2:17-18](../../../kjv/2-timothy/2/17-18).

Verse [Matthew 24:12](../../../kjv/matthew/24/12). ***The love of many shall wax cold.*** — By reason of these trials and persecutions from *without*, and those apostasies and false prophets from *within*, the love of many to Christ and his doctrine, and to one another, *shall grow cold*. Some openly deserting the faith, as [Matthew 24:10](../../../kjv/matthew/24/10); others corrupting it, as [Matthew 24:11](../../../kjv/matthew/24/11); and others growing indifferent about it, [Matthew 24:12](../../../kjv/matthew/24/12). Even at this early period there seems to have been a very considerable defection in several Christian Churches; see [Galatians 3:1-4](../../../kjv/galatians/3/1-4); [2 Thessalonians 3:1](../../../kjv/2-thessalonians/3/1), c. [2 Timothy 1:15](../../../kjv/2-timothy/1/15).

Verse [Matthew 24:13](../../../kjv/matthew/24/13). ***But he that shall endure*** — The persecutions that shall come - *unto the end*; to the destruction of the Jewish polity, without growing cold or apostatizing - *shall be saved*, shall be delivered in all imminent dangers, and have his soul at last brought to an eternal glory. It is very remarkable that not a single Christian perished in the destruction of Jerusalem, though there were many there when *Cestius Gallus* invested the city; and, had he persevered in the siege, he would soon have rendered himself master of it; but, when he unexpectedly and unaccountably raised the siege, the Christians took that opportunity to escape. See *Eusebius*, Hist. Eccles lib. iii. c. 5, and Mr. *Reading's* note there; and see the note here on [Matthew 24:20](../../../kjv/matthew/24/20).

Verse [Matthew 24:14](../../../kjv/matthew/24/14). ***And this Gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in**********all the world*** — But, notwithstanding these persecutions, there should be a universal publication of the *glad tidings of the* *kingdom, for a testimony to all nations*. God would have the iniquity of the Jews published every where, before the heavy stroke of his judgments should fall upon them; that all mankind, as it were, might be brought as *witnesses* against their cruelty and obstinacy in crucifying and rejecting the Lord Jesus.
*In all the world*, εν ολη τη οικουμενη. Perhaps no more is meant here than the *Roman empire*; for it is beyond controversy that πασαν την οικουμενην, [Luke 2:1](../../../kjv/luke/2/1), means no more than *the whole Roman empire*: as a decree for taxation or enrolment from Augustus Caesar could have no influence but in the Roman dominions; but see on [Luke 2:1](../../../kjv/luke/2/1). *Tacitus* informs us, Annal. l. xv., that, as early as the reign of Nero, the Christians were grown so numerous at Rome as to excite the jealousy of the government; and in other parts they were in proportion. However, we are under no necessity to restrain the phrase to the Roman empire, as, previously to the destruction of Jerusalem, the Gospel was not only preached in the lesser Asia, and Greece, and Italy, the greatest theatres of action then in the world; but was likewise propagated as far *north* as SCYTHIA; as far *south* as ETHIOPIA; as far *east* as PARTHIA and INDIA; and as far *west* as SPAIN and BRITAIN. On this point, Bishop Newton goes on to say, That there is some probability that the Gospel was preached in the British nations by St. Simon the apostle; that there is much greater probability that it was preached here by St. Paul; and that there is an absolute certainty that it was planted here in the times of the apostles, before the destruction of Jerusalem. See his proofs. Dissert. vol. ii. p. 235, 236. edit. 1758. St. Paul himself speaks, [Colossians 1:6](../../../kjv/colossians/1/6); [Colossians 1:23](../../../kjv/colossians/1/23), of the Gospel's being come into ALL THE WORLD, *and preached* TO EVERY CREATURE *under heaven*. And in his Epistle to the Romans, [Romans 10:18](../../../kjv/romans/10/18), he very elegantly applies to the lights of the Church, what the psalmist said of the lights of heaven. *Their sound went into* ALL THE EARTH, *and their words unto the* END *of the* WORLD. What but the wisdom of God could foretell this? and what but the power of God could accomplish it?
***Then shall the end come.*** — When this general publication of the Gospel shall have taken place, then a *period* shall be put to the whole Jewish economy, by the utter destruction of their city and temple.

Verse [Matthew 24:15](../../../kjv/matthew/24/15). ***The abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel*** — This *abomination of desolation*, St. Luke, ([Luke 21:20-21](../../../kjv/luke/21/20-21)), refers to the *Roman army*; and this abomination *standing in the holy place* is the *Roman army* besieging Jerusalem; this, our Lord says, is what was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, in the *ninth* and *eleventh* chapters of his prophecy; and *so* let every one who reads these prophecies understand them; and in reference to this very event they are understood by the rabbins. The Roman army is called an abomination, for its ensigns and images, which were so to the Jews. Josephus says, (War, b. vi. chap. 6,) the Romans brought their ensigns into the temple, and placed them over against the eastern gate, and sacrificed to them there. The Roman army is therefore fitly called the *abomination*, and the *abomination* which *maketh desolate*, as it was to desolate and lay waste Jerusalem; and this army besieging Jerusalem is called by St. Mark, [Mark 13:14](../../../kjv/mark/13/14), *standing where it ought not*, that is, as in the text here, *the* *holy place*; as not only the city, but a considerable compass of ground about it, was deemed *holy*, and consequently no *profane* persons should stand on it.

Verse [Matthew 24:16](../../../kjv/matthew/24/16). ***Then let them which be in Judea flee into the**********mountains*** — This counsel was remembered and wisely followed by the Christians afterwards. *Eusebius* and *Epiphanius* say, that at this juncture, after *Cestius Gallus* had raised the siege, and Vespasian was approaching with his army, all who believed in Christ left Jerusalem and fled to Pella, and other places beyond the river Jordan; and so they all marvellously escaped the general shipwreck of their country: not one of them perished. See on [Matthew 24:13](../../../kjv/matthew/24/13).

Verse [Matthew 24:17](../../../kjv/matthew/24/17). ***Let him which is on the house top*** — The houses of the Jews, as well as those of the ancient Greeks and Romans, were *flat-roofed*, and had stairs on the outside, by which persons might ascend and descend without coming into the house. In the eastern walled cities, these flat-roofed houses usually formed continued terraces from one end of the city to the other; which *terraces* terminated at the *gates*. He, therefore, who is walking on the house top, let him *not come down to take any thing out of his* *house*; but let him instantly pursue his course along the tops of the houses, and escape out at the city gate as fast as he can.
***Any thing*** — Instead of τι, *any thing*, we should read τα, *the things*; which reading is supported by all the best MSS., versions, and fathers.

Verse [Matthew 24:18](../../../kjv/matthew/24/18). ***Neither let him which is in the field return back*** — Because when once the army of the Romans sits down before the city, there shall be no more any possibility of escape, as they shall never remove till Jerusalem be destroyed.

Verse [Matthew 24:19](../../../kjv/matthew/24/19). ***And wo unto them*** (alas! for them)*******that are with**********child*****, c.**] For such persons are not in a condition to make their escape neither can they bear the miseries of the siege. Josephus says the houses were full of *women* and *children* that perished by the famine; and that the mothers snatched the food even out of their own children's mouths. See WAR, b. v. c. 10. But he relates a more horrid story than this, of one *Mary*, the daughter of *Eliezar*, illustrious for her family and riches, who, being stripped and plundered of all her goods and provisions by the soldiers, in hunger, rage, and despair, killed and boiled her own sucking child, and had eaten one half of him before it was discovered. This shocking story is told, WAR, b. vi. c. 3, with several circumstances of aggravation.

Verse [Matthew 24:20](../../../kjv/matthew/24/20). ***But pray ye that your flight be not in the winter*** — For the hardness of the season, the badness of the roads, the shortness of the days, and the length of the nights, will all be great impediments to your flight. Rabbi Tanchum observes, "that the favour of God was particularly manifested in the destruction of the first temple, in not obliging the Jews to go out in the *winter*, but in the *summer*." See the place in *Lightfoot*.
***Neither on the Sabbath-day*** — That you may not raise the indignation of the Jews by travelling on that day, and so suffer that *death* out of the city which you had endeavoured to escape from within. Besides, on the Sabbath-days the Jews not only kept within doors, but the gates of all the cities and towns in every place were kept shut and barred; so that their flight should be on a Sabbath, they could not expect admission into any place of security in the land.
Our Lord had ordered his followers to make their escape from Jerusalem when they should see it encompassed with armies; but how could this be done? God took care to provide amply for this. In the twelfth year of Nero, Cestius Gallus, the president of Syria, came against Jerusalem with a powerful army. He might, says Josephus, WAR, b. ii. c. 19, have assaulted and taken the city, and thereby put an end to the war; but without any just reason, and contrary to the expectation of all, he raised the siege and departed. Josephus remarks, that after Cestius Gallus had raised the siege, "many of the principal Jewish people, πολλοιτων επιφανωνιουδαιων, forsook the city, as men do a sinking ship." Vespasian was deputed in the room of Cestius Gallus, who, having subdued all the country, prepared to besiege Jerusalem, and invested it on every side. But the news of Nero's death, and soon after that of Galba, and the disturbances that followed, and the civil wars between Otho and Vitellius, held Vespasian and his son Titus in suspense. Thus the city was not actually besieged in form till after Vespasian was confirmed in the empire, and Titus was appointed to command the forces in Judea. It was in those incidental delays that the Christians, and indeed several others, provided for their own safety, by flight. In [Luke 19:43](../../../kjv/luke/19/43), our Lord says of Jerusalem, *Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee,* *and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side*. Accordingly, Titus, having made several assaults without success, resolved to surround the city with a wall, which was, with incredible speed, completed in three days! The wall was *thirty-nine* furlongs in length, and was strengthened with *thirteen* forts at proper distances, so that all hope of safety was cut off; none could make his escape from the city, and no provisions could be brought into it. See Josephus, WAR, book v. c. 12.

Verse [Matthew 24:21](../../../kjv/matthew/24/21). ***For then shall be great tribulation*** — No history can furnish us with a parallel to the calamities and miseries of the Jews:-rapine, murder, famine, and pestilence *within*: fire and sword, and all the horrors of war, *without*. Our Lord wept at the foresight of these calamities; and it is almost impossible for any humane person to read the relation of them in Josephus without weeping also. St. Luke, [Luke 21:22](../../../kjv/luke/21/22), calls these the *days of vengeance, that all things which were* *written might be fulfilled*. 1. These were the days in which all the calamities predicted by *Moses, Joel, Daniel*, and other *prophets*, as well as those predicted by our *Saviour*, met in one common centre, and were fulfilled in the most terrible manner on that generation. 2. These were the days of vengeance in another sense, as if God's judgments had certain periods and revolutions; for it is remarkable that the temple was burned by the Romans in the same month, and on the same day of the month, on which it had been burned by the Babylonians. See Josephus, WAR, b. vi. c. 4.

Verse [Matthew 24:22](../../../kjv/matthew/24/22). ***Except those days should be shortened*** — Josephus computes the number of those who perished in the siege at *eleven* *hundred thousand*, besides those who were slain in other places, WAR, b. vi. c. 9; and if the Romans had gone on destroying in this manner, the whole nation of the Jews would, in a short time, have been entirely extirpated; but, *for the sake of the elect*, the *Jews*, that *they* might not be *utterly destroyed*, and for the *Christians* particularly, the days were shortened. These, partly through the fury of the zealots on one hand, and the hatred of the Romans on the other; and partly through the difficulty of subsisting in the mountains without houses or provisions, would in all probability have been all destroyed, either by the sword or famine, if the days had not been shortened. The besieged themselves helped to shorten those days by their divisions and mutual slaughters; and by fatally deserting their strong holds, where they never could have been subdued, but by famine alone. So well fortified was Jerusalem, and so well provided to stand a siege, that the enemy *without* could not have prevailed, had it not been for the factions and seditions *within*. When *Titus* was viewing the fortifications after the taking of the city, he could not help ascribing his success to God. "We have fought," said he, "with God on our side; and it is God who pulled the Jews out of these strong holds: for what could *machines* or the *hands of men* avail against such towers as these?" WAR, b. vi. c. 9.

Verse [Matthew 24:23](../../../kjv/matthew/24/23). ***Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo here*****is*****Christ*** — Our Lord had cautioned his disciples against false Christs and prophets before, [Matthew 24:11](../../../kjv/matthew/24/11); but he seems here to intimate that there would be *especial* need to attend to this caution about the time of the siege. And in fact many such impostors did arise about that time, promising deliverance from God; and the lower the Jews were reduced, the more disposed they were to listen to such deceivers. Like a man drowning, they were willing to catch even at a straw, while there was any prospect of being saved. But as it was to little purpose for a man to take upon him the character of *the Christ*, without miracles to avouch his Divine mission, so it was the common artifice of these impostors to show *signs* and *wonders*, σημεια και τερατα; the very words used by Christ in this prophecy, and by Josephus in his history: ANT. b. xx. c. 7. Among these *Simon Magus*, and *Dositheus*, mentioned before; and *Barcocab*, who, St. Jerome says, pretended to vomit flames. And it is certain these and some others were so dexterous in imitating miraculous works that they deceived many; and such were their works, that if the *elect*, the *chosen persons*, the *Christians*, had not had the fullest evidence of the truth of Christ's mission and miracles, they must have been *deceived* too: but, having had these proofs, they could not possibly be deceived by these impostors. This is simply the meaning of this place; and it is truly astonishing that it should be brought as a proof for the doctrine (whether *true* or *false* is at present out of the question) of the *necessary* and *eternal* *perseverance of the saints*! How abundant the Jews were in magic, divination, sorcery, incantation, &c., see proved by Dr. *Lightfoot* on this place.

Verse [Matthew 24:25](../../../kjv/matthew/24/25). ***Behold, I have told you before.*** — That is, I have forewarned you.

Verse [Matthew 24:26](../../../kjv/matthew/24/26). ***If they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the**********desert*** — Is it not worthy of remark that our Lord not only foretold the appearance of these impostors, but also the *manner* and *circumstances* of their conduct? Some he mentions as appearing in the *desert*. Josephus says, ANT. b. xx. c. 7, and WAR, book ii. c. 13: That many impostors and cheats persuaded the people to follow them to the *desert*, promising to show them *signs* and *wonders* done by the providence of God, is well attested. An Egyptian false prophet, mentioned by Josephus, ANT. b. xx. c. 7, and in the Acts, [Acts 21:38](../../../kjv/acts/21/38), *led out into the* DESERT *four thousand men, who were murderers*, but these were all taken or destroyed by *Felix*. Another promised salvation to the people, if they would follow him to the DESERT, and he was destroyed by *Festus*, ANT. b. xx. c. 7. Also, one *Jonathan*, a weaver, persuaded a number to follow him to the DESERT, but he was taken and burnt alive by Vespasian. See WAR, b. vii. c. 11.
As some conducted their deluded followers to the DESERT, so did others to the *secret chambers*. Josephus mentions a false prophet, WAR, b. vi. c. 5, who declared to the people in the city, that God commanded them to go up *into the temple*, and there they should receive the signs of deliverance. A multitude of men, women, and children, went up accordingly; but, instead of deliverance, the place was set on fire by the Romans, and 6,000 perished miserably in the flames, or in attempting to escape them.

Verse [Matthew 24:27](../../../kjv/matthew/24/27). ***For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and**********shineth even unto the west*** — It is worthy of remark that our Lord, in the most particular manner, points out the very *march* of the Roman army: they entered into Judea on the EAST, and carried on their conquest WESTWARD, as if not only the extensiveness of the ruin, but the very *route* which the army would take, were intended in the comparison of the *lightning issuing from the east, and* *shining to the west*.

Verse [Matthew 24:28](../../../kjv/matthew/24/28). ***For wheresoever the carcass is*** — πτωμα, *the dead* *carcass*. The Jewish nation, which was morally and judicially dead.
***There will the eagles*** — The Roman armies, called so partly from their strength and fierceness, and partly from the *figure* of these animals which was always wrought on their *ensigns*, or even in brass, placed on the tops of their ensign-staves. It is remarkable that the Roman fury pursued these wretched men *wheresoever* they were found. They were a *dead carcass* doomed to be *devoured*; and the Roman eagles were the commissioned devourers. See the pitiful account in Josephus, WAR, b. vii. c. 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, and 11.

Verse 29. ***Immediately after the tribulation***, c.] Commentators generally understand this, and what follows, of the end of the world and Christ's coming to judgment: but the word *immediately* shows that our Lord is not speaking of any *distant* event, but of something immediately consequent on calamities already predicted: and that must be the destruction of Jerusalem. "The Jewish heaven shall perish, and the *sun* and *moon* of its glory and happiness shall be darkened-brought to nothing. The *sun* is the religion of the *Church* the *moon* is the government of the *state*; and the *stars* are the judges and doctors of both. Compare [Isaiah 13:10](../../../kjv/isaiah/13/10); [Ezekiel 32:7-8](../../../kjv/ezekiel/32/7-8), c." *Lightfoot*.
In the prophetic language, great commotions upon earth are often represented under the notion of commotions and changes in the heavens:-
The fall of *Babylon* is represented by the stars and constellations of heaven withdrawing their light, and the sun and moon being darkened. See [Isaiah 13:9-10](../../../kjv/isaiah/13/9-10).
The destruction of *Egypt*, by the heaven being covered, the sun enveloped with a cloud, and the moon withholding her light. [Ezekiel 32:7-8](../../../kjv/ezekiel/32/7-8).
The destruction of the *Jews* by *Antiochus Epiphanes* is represented by *casting down some of the host of heaven*, and the *stars* to the ground. See [Daniel 8:10](../../../kjv/daniel/8/10).
And this very destruction of *Jerusalem* is represented by the Prophet Joel, [Joel 2:30-31](../../../kjv/joel/2/30-31), by showing wonders in heaven and in earth - *darkening the sun, and turning the moon into blood*. This general mode of describing these judgments leaves no room to doubt the propriety of its application in the present case.
The falling of stars, i.e. those meteors which are called *falling stars* by the common people, was deemed an omen of evil times. The heathens have marked this: -
Ibid. ver. 462.

The sun reveals the secrets of the sky,
And who dares give the source of light the lie?
The change of empires often he declares,
Fierce tumults, hidden treasons, open wars.
He first the fate of Caesar did foretell,
And pitied Rome, when Rome in Caesar fell:
In iron clouds concealed the public light,
And impious mortals found eternal night.
Dryden.

Verse 30. ***Then shall appear the sign of the Son of man*** — The plain meaning of this is, that the destruction of Jerusalem will be such a remarkable instance of Divine vengeance, such a signal manifestation of Christ's power and glory, that all the *Jewish* *tribes* shall mourn, and many will, in consequence of this manifestation of God, be led to acknowledge Christ and his religion. By της γης, *of the land*, in the text, is evidently meant here, as in several other places, the *land of Judea* and its *tribes*, either its then *inhabitants*, or the Jewish people wherever found.

Verse 31. ***He shall send his angels*** — τους αγγελους, *his* *messengers*, the *apostles*, and their successors in the Christian ministry.
***With a great sound of a trumpet*** — Or, *a loud-sounding* *trumpet*- the earnest affectionate call of the Gospel of peace, life, and salvation.
***Shall gather together his elect*** — The *Gentiles*, who were now *chosen* or *elected*, in place of the rebellious, obstinate *Jews*, according to Our Lord's prediction, [Matthew 8:11-12](../../../kjv/matthew/8/11-12), and [Luke 13:28-29](../../../kjv/luke/13/28-29). *For the children of the kingdom*, (the *Jews* who were *born* with a *legal right* to it, but had now finally *forfeited* that right by their iniquities) *should be thrust out*. It is worth serious observation, that the Christian religion spread and prevailed mightily *after* this period: and nothing contributed more to the success of the Gospel than the *destruction of Jerusalem* happening in the very *time* and *manner*, and with the very *circumstances*, so particularly foretold by our Lord. It was *after this period* that the kingdom of Christ began, and his reign was established in almost every part of the world.
To St. Matthew's account, St. Luke adds, [Luke 21:24](../../../kjv/luke/21/24), *They shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shalt be led away* *captive into all nations; and Jerusalem shall be trodden down by* *the Gentiles, till the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled*. The number of those who fell by the sword was very great. ELEVEN HUNDRED THOUSAND perished during the siege. Many were slain at other places, and at other times. By the commandment of *Florus*, the first author of the war, there were slain at Jerusalem 3,600, Jos. WAR, b. ii. c. 14. By the inhabitants of *Caesarea*, above 20,000. At *Scythopolis*, above 13,000. At *Ascalon*, 2,500. At *Ptolemais*, 2,000. At *Alexandria*, 50,000. At *Joppa*, when taken by *Cestius Gallus*, 8,400. In a *mountain* called *Asamon*, near *Sepporis*, above 2,000. At *Damascus*, 10,000. In a *battle* with the *Romans* at *Ascalon*, 10,000. In an *ambuscade* near the *same* *place*, 8,000. At *Japha*, 15,000. Of the *Samaritans*, on Mount *Gerizim*, 11,600. At *Jotapa*, 40,000. At *Joppa*, when taken by *Vespasian*, 4,200. At *Tarichea*, 6,500. And *after* the *city* was *taken*, 1,200. At *Gamala*, 4,000, besides 5,000 who threw themselves down a *precipice*. Of those who fled with *John*, of *Gischala*, 6,000. Of the *Gadarenes*, 15,000 slain, besides *countless* multitudes *drowned*. In the village of *Idumea*, above 10,000 slain. At *Gerasa*, 1,000. At *Machaerus*, 1,700. In the *wood* of *Jardes,* 3,000. In the *castle* of *Masada*, 960. In *Cyrene*, by *Catullus* the governor, 3,000. Besides these, many of every *age, sex*, and *condition*, were slain in the war, who are not reckoned; but, of those who are reckoned, the number amounts to upwards of 1,357,660, which would have appeared incredible, if their own historian had not so particularly enumerated them. See Josephus, WAR, book ii. c. 18, 20; book iii. c. 2, 7, 8, 9; book iv. c. 1, 2, 7, 8, 9; book vii. c. 6, 9, 11; and Bp. Newton, vol. ii. p. 288-290.
Many also were *led away captives into all nations*. There were *taken* at *Japha*, 2,130. At *Jotapa*, 1,200. At *Tarichea*, 6,000 chosen young men, who were sent to Nero; others sold to the number of 30,400, besides those who were given to Agrippa. Of the *Gadarenes* were *taken* 2,200. In *Idumea* above 1,000. Many besides these were *taken* in *Jerusalem*; so that, as Josephus says, the number of the *captives* taken in the whole war amounted to 97,000. Those above *seventeen* years of age were sent to the *works in* *Egypt*; but most were distributed through the Roman provinces, to be destroyed in their *theatres* by the *sword*, and by the *wild* *beasts*; and those under *seventeen* years of age were sold for *slaves*. Eleven thousand in one place perished for *want*. At *Caesarea, Titus*, like a thorough-paced infernal savage, murdered 2,500 Jews, in honour of his brother's birthday; and a greater number at *Berytus* in honour of his father's. See Josephus, WAR, b. vii. c. 3. s. 1. Some he caused to kill each other; some were thrown to the wild beasts; and others burnt alive. And all this was done by a man who was styled, *The darling of mankind*! Thus were the Jews miserably tormented, and distributed over the Roman provinces; and continue to be distressed and dispersed over all the nations of the world to the present day. Jerusalem also was, according to the prediction of our Lord, to be *trodden down by the* *Gentiles*. Accordingly it has never since been in the possession of the *Jews*. It was first in subjection to the *Romans*, afterwards to the *Saracens*, then to the *Franks*, after to the *Mamalukes*, and now to the *Turks*. Thus has the prophecy of Christ been most literally and terribly fulfilled, on a people who are still preserved as continued monuments of the truth of our Lord's prediction, and of the truth of the Christian religion. See more in Bp. Newton's Dissert. vol. ii. p. 291, &c.

Verse 32. ***Learn a parable of the fig-tree*** — That is, These signs which I have given you will be as infallible a proof of the approaching ruin of the Jewish state as the budding of the trees is a proof of the coming summer.

Verse 34. ***This generation shall not pass*** — Η γενεα αυτη, *this* *race*; i.e. the Jews shall not cease from being a *distinct people*, till all the counsels of God relative to *them* and the *Gentiles* be fulfilled. Some translate η γενεα αυτη, *this generation*, meaning the persons who were then living, that they should not die before these signs, c., took place: but though this was true, as to the calamities that fell upon the Jews, and the destruction of their government, temple, c., yet as our Lord mentions Jerusalem's continuing to be under the power of the Gentiles till the fulness of the Gentiles should come in, i.e. till all the nations of the world should receive the Gospel of Christ, after which the Jews themselves should be converted unto God, [Romans 11:25](../../../kjv/romans/11/25), &c., I think it more proper not to restrain its meaning to the few years which preceded the destruction of Jerusalem but to understand it of the care taken by Divine providence to preserve them as a *distinct* *people*, and yet to keep them out of their own land, and from their temple service. See on [Mark 13:30](../../../kjv/mark/13/30). But still it is literally true in reference to the destruction of Jerusalem. John probably lived to see these things come to pass compare [Matthew 16:28](../../../kjv/matthew/16/28), with [John 21:22](../../../kjv/john/21/22); and there were some rabbins alive at the time when Christ spoke these words who lived till the city was destroyed, viz. *Rabban Simeon*, who perished with the city; *R. Jochanan ben* *Zaccai*, who outlived it; *R. Zadoch, R. Ismael*, and others. See *Lightfoot*.
The war began, as Josephus says, Ant. b. xx. c. 11. s. 1, in the second year of the government of *Gessius Florus*, who succeeded *Albinus*, successor of *Porcius Festus*, mentioned [Acts 24:27](../../../kjv/acts/24/27), in the month of *May*, in the *twelfth* year of *Nero*, and the *seventeenth* of *Agrippa*, mentioned [Acts 25](../../../kjv/acts/25) and [Acts 26](../../../kjv/acts/26), that is, in *May*, A. D. 66.
The temple was burnt August 10, A. D. 70, the same day and month on which it had been burnt by the king of Babylon: Josephus, Ant. b. xx. c. 11. s. 8.
The city was taken September 8, in the second year of the reign of Vespasian, or the year of Christ 70. Ant. b. vi. c. 10.
That was the end of the siege of Jerusalem, which began, as Josephus several times observes, about the fourteenth day of the month *Nisan*, or our *April*. See War, b. v. c. 3. s. 1, c. 13. s. 7; b. vi. c. 9. s. 3.
On this occasion, a medal was struck with the following inscription round a laureated head of the emperor: - *IMP.erator* *J.ulius CAES.ar VESP.asianus AUG.ustus. P.ontifex M.aximus,* *TR.ibunitia, P.otestate P.ater P.atrice CO.nS.ul VIII.*- On the obverse are represented a *palm* tree, the emblem of the land of Judaea; the emperor with a *trophy* standing on the left; *Judea*, under the figure of a distressed woman, sitting at the foot of the tree weeping, with her head bowed down, supported by her left hand, with the legend JUDAEA CAPTA. S.*enatus* C.*onsultus.* at the bottom. This is not only an extraordinary fulfilment of our Lord's prediction, but a literal accomplishment of a prophecy delivered about 800 years before, [Isaiah 3:26](../../../kjv/isaiah/3/26), *And she, desolate, shall sit upon the ground*.

Verse 36. ***But of that day and hour*** — ωρα, here, is translated *season* by many eminent critics, and is used in this sense by both sacred and profane authors. As the *day* was not known, in which Jerusalem should be invested by the Romans, therefore our Lord advised his disciples to pray that it might not be on a *Sabbath*; and as the *season* was not known, therefore they were to pray that it might not be in the *winter*; [Matthew 24:20](../../../kjv/matthew/24/20). [Mark 13:32](../../../kjv/mark/13/32); [Mark 13:32](../../../kjv/mark/13/32).

Verse 37. - 38. ***As the days of Noah - they were eating and**********drinking*** — That is, they spent their time in rapine, luxury, and riot. The design of these verses seems to be, that the desolation should be as general as it should be unexpected.

Verse 38. [Matthew 24:37](../../../kjv/matthew/24/37); [Matthew 24:37](../../../kjv/matthew/24/37).

Verse 39. ***And knew not*** — *They considered not*- did not lay Noah's warning to heart, till it was too late to profit by it: so *shall* *it be*- and so it *was* in this coming of the Son of man.

Verse [Matthew 24:40-41](../../../kjv/matthew/24/40-41). ***Then shall two*****men -*****two*****women -*****one shall be taken,**********and the other left.*** — The meaning seems to be, that so general should these calamities be, that no *two persons*, wheresoever found, or about whatsoever employed, should be *both* able to effect their escape; and that *captivity* and the *sword* should have a complete triumph over this unhappy people.
***Two*****women shall be*****grinding*** — Women alone are still employed in grinding the corn in the east; and it is only when despatch is required, or the uppermost millstone is heavy, that a *second* woman is added. See Wakefield, and Harmer, Obs. vol. i. 253. That they were formerly thus employed, see [Exodus 11:5](../../../kjv/exodus/11/5), and the note there. See also [Isaiah 47:2](../../../kjv/isaiah/47/2).

Verse 41. [Matthew 24:40](../../../kjv/matthew/24/40); [Matthew 24:40](../../../kjv/matthew/24/40).

Verse 42. ***Watch therefore*** — Be always on your guard, that you may not be taken unawares, and that you may be properly prepared to meet God in the way either of *judgment* or *mercy*, whensoever he may come. This advice the followers of Christ took, and therefore they escaped; the miserable Jews rejected it, and were destroyed. Let us learn wisdom by the things which they suffered.

Verse 43. ***If the good man of the house had known*** — "As a *master* of a *family* who expected a *thief* at *any time* of the *night*, would take care to be *awake*, and ready to protect his house; so do ye, who know that the Son of man *will* come. Though the *day* and *hour* be *uncertain*, continue *always* in a state of *watchfulness,* that he may not come upon you *unawares*." WAKEFIELD.

Verse 45. ***Who then is a faithful and wise servant*** — All should live in the same expectation of the coming of Christ, which a servant has with respect to the return of his master, who, in departing for a season, left the management of his affairs to him; and of which management he is to give an exact account on his master's return.
Here is an abstract of the duties of a minister of Christ.
1. He is appointed, not by himself, but by the vocation and mission of *his Master*.
2. He must look on himself, not as the *master* of the family, but as the *servant*.
3. He must be scrupulously *faithful* and exact in fulfilling the commands of his Master.
4. His *fidelity* must be ever accompanied by *wisdom* and *prudence*.
5. He must give the domestics - the sacred family, their food; and this food must be such as to afford them *true nourishment*. And
6. This must be done in *its season*. There are certain portions of the bread of life which lose their effect by being administered out of proper season, or to improper persons.

Verse 46. ***Blessed*****is*****that servant*** — His blessedness consists in his master's approbation.

Verse 47. ***He shall make him ruler over all his goods.*** — O heavenly privilege of a faithful minister of Christ! He shall receive from God a power to dispense all the blessings of the new covenant; and his word shall ever be accompanied with the demonstration of the Holy Ghost to the hearts of all that hear it. Much of a preacher's *usefulness* may be lost by his *unfaithfulness*.

Verse [Matthew 24:48](../../../kjv/matthew/24/48). ***But, and if that evil servant*** — Here are three characters of a bad minister.
1. He has little or no faith in the *speedy coming* of Christ, either to *punish* for *wickedness*, or to *pardon* and *sanctify* those who believe. It may be, he does not outwardly profess this, but he says it in his *heart*, and God searches his heart, and knows that he professes to teach what he does not believe.
2. He governs with an absolute dominion, oppressing his colleagues and doing violence to the followers of Christ. *And shall begin to smite*, &c.
3. He leads an irregular life does not love the company of the children of God, but *eats* and *drinks with the drunkards*, preferring the tables of the great and the rich, whose god is their belly, and thus *feeds himself* *without fear*. Great God! save thine inheritance from being ravaged by such wolves!

Verse [Matthew 24:50](../../../kjv/matthew/24/50). ***The lord of that servant*** — Here are *three* punishments which answer to the *three* characteristics of the *bad minister*.
1. A sudden death, and the weight of God's judgments falling upon him, without a moment to avert it: this answers to his *infidelity* and *forgetfulness. He shall come in a day in which he looked not* *for him*.
2. A *separation* from the communion of saints, and from all the gifts which he has abused: this answers to the abuse of his authority in the Church of Christ.
3. He shall have tears and eternal pains, in company with all such hypocrites as himself: and this answers to his voluptuous life, pampering the flesh at the expense of his soul.

Verse [Matthew 24:51](../../../kjv/matthew/24/51). ***Cut him asunder*** — This refers to an ancient mode of punishment used in several countries. Isaiah is reported to have been *sawed* ASUNDER. That it was an ancient mode of punishment is evident from what Herodotus says: that *Sabacus*, king of Ethiopia, had a vision, in which he was commanded μεσους διαταμειν, *to cut* *in two*, all the Egyptian priests, lib. ii. And in lib. vii. where Xerxes ordered one of the sons of Pythius μεσον διαταμειν, *to be* *cut in two*, and one half placed on each side of the way, that his army might pass through between them. See Raphelius also, in his notes from Herodotus and Polybius. This kind of punishment was used among the Persians: see [Daniel 2:5](../../../kjv/daniel/2/5); [Daniel 3:29](../../../kjv/daniel/3/29). Story of Susannah, ver. 55, 59. See also [2 Samuel 12:31](../../../kjv/2-samuel/12/31), and [1 Chronicles 20:3](../../../kjv/1-chronicles/20/3). It may also have reference to that mode of punishment in which the different members were chopped off seriatim, first the *feet*, then the *hands*, next the *legs*, then the *arms*, and lastly the *head*. This mode of punishment is still in use among the *Chinese*. But we find an exact parallel among the Turks, in the following passage from W. Lithgow's Travels, p. 153. London 4to. edit. "If a Turk should happen to kill another Turk, his punishment is thus: After he is adjudged to death, he is brought forth to the market place; and a blocke being brought hither of four foot high, the malifactor is stript naked, and then laid thereon with his belly downward; they draw in his middle together so small with running cords that they strike his body a - two with one blow: his hinder parts they cast to be eaten by hungry dogs kept for the same purpose; and the forequarters and head they throw into a grievous fire, made there for the same end. And this is the punishment for manslaughter."
This is the very same punishment, and for the same offence, as that mentioned by our Lord, the killing of a fellow servant-one of the same nation, and of the same religion.
THE reader has no doubt observed, in the preceding chapter, a series of the most striking and solemn predictions, fulfilled in the most literal, awful, and dreadful manner. Christ has foretold the ruin of the Jewish people, and the destruction of their polity; and in such a circumstantial manner as none else could do, but He, under whose eye are all events, and in whose hands are the government and direction of all things. Indeed he rather *declared* what *he would do*, than *predicted* what *should come to pass*. And the *fulfilment* has been as *circumstantial* as the *prediction*. Does it not appear that the *predicted point* was so literally referred to by the *occurring fact*, by which it was to have its accomplishment, as to leave no room to doubt the *truth* of the *prediction*, or the *certainty* of the event by which it was *fulfilled*? Thus the wisdom of God, as also his justice and providence, have had a plenary manifestation.
But this *wisdom* appears, farther, in preserving such a *record* of the *prediction*, and such *evidence* of its *accomplishment*, as cannot possibly be doubted. The *New Testament*, given by the inspiration of God, and handed down uncorrupted from father to son, by both friends and enemies, perfect in its credibility and truth, inexpungable in its evidences, and astonishingly circumstantial in details of future occurrences, which the wisdom of God alone could foreknow - that New Testament is the *record* of these predictions. The *history* of the *Romans*, written by so many hands; the *history* of the *Jews*, written by one of *themselves;* *triumphal arches, coins, medals*, and *public monuments* of different kinds, are the *evidence* by which the fulfilment of the *record* is demonstrated. Add to this the *preservation* of the Jewish people; a people scattered through all nations, yet subsisting as a *distinct body*, without *temple, sacrifices*, or *political* government; and who, while they attempt to suppress the truth, yet reluctantly stand forth as an unimpeachable *collateral* evidence, that the solemn record, already alluded to, is *strictly* and *literally* true! Who that has ever consulted the Roman historians of the reigns of Vespasian and Titus, the history of Josephus, and the 24th chapter of St. Matthew's Gospel, and who knows any thing of the *present state* of the Jews over the face of the earth, or even of those who sojourn in England, can doubt for a moment the truth of this Gospel, or the infinite and all - comprehensive knowledge of Him who is its author! Here then is one portion of Divine Revelation that is incontrovertibly and absolutely proved to be the *truth of God*. Reader! if he, who, while he predicted the ruin of this disobedient and refractory people, *wept* over their city and its inhabitants, has so, minutely fulfilled the *threatenings* of his *justice* on the unbelieving and disobedient, will he not as *circumstantially* fulfil the *promises* of his grace to all them that believe? The existence of his revelation, the continuance of a Christian Church upon earth, the certainty that there is one individual saved from his sins by the grace of the Gospel, and walking worthy of his vocation are continued proofs and evidences that he is still the same; that he will fulfil every jot and tittle of that word on which he has caused thee to trust; and save to the uttermost all that come unto the Father by him. The word of the Lord endureth for ever; and they who trust in him shall never be confounded.

```json
{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#website","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com","name":"Real Bible Believers","description":"RBB","publisher":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/search?q={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/images/missing.jpg","contentUrl":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/images/missing.jpg","width":640,"height":370,"caption":"Clarke's Commentary -  Matthew 24"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24#webpage","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24","name":"Clarke's Commentary -  Matthew 24","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24#primaryimage"},"datePublished":null,"dateModified":null,"author":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509"},"description":"This chapter contains a prediction of the utter destruction of the city and temple of Jerusalem, and the subversion of the whole political constitution of","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries","name":"Commentaries"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary","name":"Clarke's Commentary"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew","name":"Matthew"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/matthew/24","name":"24"}}]},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#/schema/person/e966585dde703268e7f6ae890ea98509","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/android-chrome-512x512.png","contentUrl":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/android-chrome-512x512.png","width":512,"height":512},"logo":{"@id":"https://realbiblebelievers.com/#personlogo"},"sameAs":["https://twitter.com/RBiblebeliever","https://www.facebook.com/RBibleBelievers"]}]}
```