---
title: "Clarke"
description: "The title of this Psalm, To the chief Musician upon Aijeleth Shahar, A Psalm of David, has given rise to many conjectures. The words אילת השחר aiyeleth ha"
image: "/images/missing.jpg"
url: "https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/clarkes-commentary/psalms/22"
---

The title of this Psalm, *To the chief Musician upon Aijeleth* *Shahar, A Psalm of David*, has given rise to many conjectures. The words אילת השחר *aiyeleth hashshachar* are translated in the margin, "the hind of the morning;" but what was this? Was it the name of a *musical instrument*? or of a tune? or of a *band of music*? *Calmet* argues for the last, and translates "A Psalm of David, addressed to the Musicmaster who presides over the Band called the Morning Hind." This is more likely than any of the other conjectures I have seen. But *aiyeleth hashshachar* may be the name of the *Psalm* itself, for it was customary among the Asiatics to give names to their poetic compositions which often bore no relation to the subject itself. Mr. *Harmer* and others have collected a few instances from *D'Herbelot's* Bibliotheque Orientale. I could add many more from MSS. in my own collection:-thus *Saady* calls a famous miscellaneous work of his *Gulisstan*, "The Country of Roses," or, "The Rose Garden:" and yet there is nothing relative to such a *country*, nor concerning *roses* nor *rose gardens*, in the book. Another is called *Negaristan*, "The Gallery of Pictures; " yet no *picture gallery* is mentioned. Another *Beharistan*, "The Spring Season; " *Bostan*, "The Garden;" *Anvar Soheely*, "The Light of Canopus;" *Bahar Danush*, "The Garden of Knowledge; " *Tuhfit* *Almumeneen*, "The Gift of the Faithful," a treatise on *medicine;* *Kemeea Isadut*, "The Alchymy of Life; " *Mukhzeen al Asrar*, "The Magazine of Secrets;" *Sulselet al Zahab*, "The Golden Chain; " *Zuhfit al Abrar*, "The Rosary of the Pious:" *Merat al Asrar*, "The Mirror of Secrets; " *Durj ul Durar*, "The most precious Jewels;" *Deru Majlis*, "The Jewel of the Assembly;" *Al Bordah*, "The Variegated Garment;" a poem written by *Al Basiree*, in praise of the *Mohammedan* religion, in gratitude for a cure which he believed he received from the prophet who appeared to him in a dream. The poem is written in *one hundred and sixty-two couplets*, each of which ends with [Arabic] *mim*, the *first letter* in the name of *Mohammed*.
Scarcely one of the above *titles*, and their number might be easily trebled, bears any relation to the *subject* of the work to which it is prefixed, no more than *Aijeleth Shahar* bears to the matter contained in the twenty-second Psalm. Such *titles* are of very little importance *in themselves*; and of no farther use to us than as they serve to distinguish the different *books, poems*, or *Psalms*, to which they are prefixed. To me, many seem to have spent their time uselessly in the investigation of such subjects. [2 Samuel 1:18](../../../kjv/2-samuel/1/18).
On the *subject* of the Psalm itself, there is considerable diversity of opinion:
1. Some referring it all to David;
2. Others referring it all to Christ; and,
3. Some, because of the application of several verses of it to our Lord in his sufferings, take a middle way, and apply it *primarily* to *David*, and in a *secondary* or *accommodated* sense, to *Christ*.
Of this opinion was *Theodore* of *Mopsuestia*. who gave a very rational account of his own plan of interpretation; for which he was condemned by the *second* council of Constantinople or *fifth* OEcumenic council. *Grotius* and others have nearly copied his plan; and I think, with a little correction, it is the only safe one. That several parts of it relate to *David, primarily*, there is very little reason to doubt; that several passages may be applied by way of *accommodation* to our *Lord*, though *originally* belonging to and expressing the state of *David*, may be piously believed; and that it contains portions which are *direct prophecies* of our Lord's passion, death, and victory, appears too evident to be safely denied. On this plan I propose to treat it in the following paraphrase; keeping it as near to the Gospel standard as I can. Dr. *Delaney* supposes the Psalm to have been written by David when he was at *Mahanaim*, the very place where God appeared to Jacob in his distress. See [Genesis 32:2](../../../kjv/genesis/32/2). And on this supposition the *third, fourth*, and *fifth* verses may be easily and strikingly illustrated: *Our fathers trusted in thee*; why may not *I*? *Thou* *didst deliver* THEM; why may not *I* expect deliverance also? THEY *cried unto thee, trusted in thee, and were not confounded; I* cry until thee, trust in thee; and why should *I* be confounded? For thou art the same God, thou changest not; and with thee there is no respect of persons. Thus David encouraged himself in the Lord; and these considerations helped to sustain him in his painful exercises and heavy distresses.
Verse [Psalms 22:1](../../../kjv/psalms/22/1). ***My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?*** — Show me the cause why thou hast abandoned me to my enemies; and why thou seemest to disregard my prayers and cries? For a full illustration of this passage, I beg the reader to refer to *Clarke's note on "*[Matthew 27:46](../../../kjv/matthew/27/46)*"*.
***The words of my roaring?*** — שאגתי *shaagathi*, The *Vulgate,* *Septuagint, Syriac, AEthiopic*, and *Arabic*, with the *Anglo-Saxon*, make use of terms which may be thus translated: "My sins (or foolishness) are the cause why deliverance is so far from me." It appears that these versions have read שגגתי *shegagathi*, "my sin of ignorance," instead of שאגתי *shaagathi*, "my roaring:" but no MS. extant supports this reading.

Verse [Psalms 22:2](../../../kjv/psalms/22/2). ***I cry in the day-time, and in the night-season*** — This seems to be David's own experience; and the words seem to refer to his own case alone. Though I am not heard, and thou appearest to forget or abandon me; yet I continue to cry both day and night after thy salvation.

Verse [Psalms 22:3](../../../kjv/psalms/22/3). ***But thou*****art*****holy*** — Though I be not heard, even while I cry earnestly, yet I cannot impute any fault or unkindness to my Maker; for *thou art holy*, and canst do nothing but what is *right*. This is the language of profound resignation, in trials the most difficult to be borne.
***Inhabitest the praises of Israel.*** — Thou dwellest in the *sanctuary* where the praises, thanksgivings, and sacrifices of thy people are continually offered.

Verse [Psalms 22:4](../../../kjv/psalms/22/4). ***Our fathers trusted in thee*** — David is supposed to have been, at the time of composing this Psalm, at *Mahanaim*, where Jacob was once in such great distress; where he wrestled with the angel, and was so signally blessed. David might well allude to this circumstance in order to strengthen his faith in God. I am now in the place where God so signally blessed the *head* and *father* of our *tribes*. I *wrestle* with God, as he did; may I not expect similar success?

Verse [Psalms 22:5](../../../kjv/psalms/22/5). ***They cried unto thee*** — So do *I*. THEY *were delivered*; so may *I*. THEY *trusted in thee; I* also trust in thee. *And were not* *confounded*; and is it likely that *I* shall be put to confusion?

Verse [Psalms 22:6](../../../kjv/psalms/22/6). ***But I*****am*****a worm, and no man*** — I can see no sense in which our Lord could use these terms. David might well use them to express his vileness and worthlessness. The old Psalter gives this a remarkable turn: *I am a worme*, that es, I am borne of the mayden with outen manseede; *and nout man* anely, bot god als so: and nevir the latter, *I am reprove of men*. In spitting, buffetyng, and punging with the thornes *and outkasting of folk*; for thai chesed Barraban the thefe, and nought me.

Verse [Psalms 22:7](../../../kjv/psalms/22/7). ***Laugh me to scorn*** — They utterly despised me; set me at naught; treated me with the utmost contempt. *Laugh to scorn* is so completely antiquated that it should be no longer used; *derided,* *despised, treated with contempt*, are much more expressive and are still in common use.
***They shoot out the lip, they shake the head*** — This is applied by St. Matthew, [Matthew 27:39](../../../kjv/matthew/27/39), to the conduct of the Jews towards our Lord, when he hung upon the cross; as is also the following verse. But both are primarily true of the insults which David suffered from Shimei and others during the rebellion of Absalom; and, as the cases were so similar, the evangelist thought proper to express a similar conduct to Jesus Christ by the same expressions. These insults our Lord literally received, no doubt David received the same.

Verse [Psalms 22:9](../../../kjv/psalms/22/9). ***But thou art he that took me out of the womb*** — Thou hast made me; and hast guided and defended me from my earliest infancy.

Verse [Psalms 22:11](../../../kjv/psalms/22/11). ***Be not far from me; for trouble is near*** — A present God is a present blessing. We always need the Divine help; but more especially when troubles and trials are at hand.

Verse [Psalms 22:12](../../../kjv/psalms/22/12). ***Many bulls have compassed me*** — The *bull* is the emblem of brutal strength, that gores and tramples down all before it. Such was Absalom, Ahithophel, and others, who rose up in rebellion against David; and such were the Jewish rulers who conspired against Christ.
***Strong*****bulls*****of Bashan*** — Bashan was a district beyond Jordan, very fertile, where they were accustomed to fatten cattle, which became, in consequence of the excellent pasture, the largest, as well as the fattest, in the country. See *Calmet*. All in whose hands were the chief power and influence became David's enemies; for Absalom had stolen away the hearts of all Israel. Against Christ, the chiefs both of Jews and Gentiles were united.

Verse [Psalms 22:13](../../../kjv/psalms/22/13). ***They gaped upon me*** — They were fiercely and madly beat on my destruction.

Verse [Psalms 22:14](../../../kjv/psalms/22/14). ***I am poured out like water*** — That is, as the old *Psalter*: *Thai rought na mare to sla me than to spil water*.
The images in this verse are strongly descriptive of a person in the deepest distress; whose strength, courage, hope, and expectation of succour and relief, had entirely failed.
Our Lord's sufferings were extreme; but I cannot think there is any sound theologic sense in which these things can be spoken of Christ, either in his agony in the garden, or his death upon the cross.

Verse [Psalms 22:15](../../../kjv/psalms/22/15). ***My strength is dried up*** — All these expressions mark a most distressed and hopeless case.
***Into the dust of death.*** — This means only that he was *apparently* brought nigh to the grave, and consequent *corruption*; this latter David saw; but Jesus Christ never saw corruption.

Verse [Psalms 22:16](../../../kjv/psalms/22/16). ***For dogs have compassed me*** — This may refer to the *Gentiles*, the Roman soldiers, and others by whom our Lord was surrounded in his trial, and at his cross.
***They pierced my hands and my feet*** — The other sufferings David, as a type of our Lord, might pass through; but the *piercing of the* *hands and feet* was peculiar to our Lord; therefore, this verse may pass for a *direct revelation*. Our Lord's hands and feet were pierced when he was nailed to the cross, David's never were pierced.
But there is a various reading here which is of great importance. Instead of כארו ***caaru, they pierced***, which is what is called the *kethib*, or *marginal* reading, and which our translators have followed; the *keri* or textual reading is כארי *caari, as a* *lion*. In support of each reading there are both MSS. and eminent critics. The Chaldee has, "Biting as a lion my hands and my feet;" but the *Syriac, Vulgate, Septuagint, AEthiopic*, and *Arabic* read, "they *pierced* or *digged*;" and in the *Anglo-Saxon* the words are, [Anglo-Saxon]: "*They dalve* (digged) *hands mine, and feet mine.*"
The *Complutensian* Polyglot has כארו *caaru, they digged* or *pierced*, in the *text*; for which it gives כרה *carah*, to *cut,* *dig*, or *penetrate*, in the margin, as the root whence כארו is derived. But the Polyglots of *Potken, Antwerp, Paris*, and *London*, have כארי *caari* in the text; and כארו *caaru* is referred to in the *margin*; and this is the case with the most correct Hebrew Bibles. The whole difference here lies between *yod* and *vau,* which might easily be mistaken for each other; the former making *like a lion*; the latter, *they pierced*. The latter is to me most evidently the true reading.

Verse [Psalms 22:17](../../../kjv/psalms/22/17). ***I may tell all my bones*** — This may refer to the violent *extension* of his body when the whole of its weight hung upon the nails which attached his hands to the transverse beam of the cross. The body being thus extended, the principal bones became prominent, and easily discernible.

Verse [Psalms 22:18](../../../kjv/psalms/22/18). ***They part my garments*** — This could be true in *no sense* of David. The fact took place at the crucifixion of our Lord. The soldiers divided his *upper garment* into four parts, each soldier taking a part; but his *tunic* or *inward vestment* being without seam, woven in one entire piece, they agreed not to divide, but to cast lots *whose* the *whole* should be. Of this scripture the Roman soldiers knew nothing; but they fulfilled it to the letter. This was foreseen by the Spirit of God; and this is a direct revelation concerning Jesus Christ, which impresses the whole account with the broad seal of eternal truth.

Verse [Psalms 22:19](../../../kjv/psalms/22/19). ***Be not thou far from me*** — In the first verse he asks, *Why hast thou forsaken me*? Or, as if astonished at their wickedness, *Into what hands hast thou permitted me to fall*? Now he prays, *Be not far from me*. St. *Jerome* observes here, that it is the *humanity* of our blessed Lord which speaks to his *divinity*. Jesus was *perfect man*; and as *man* he suffered and died. But this *perfect* and *sinless man* could not have sustained those sufferings so as to make them expiatory had he not been supported by the *Divine nature*. All the expressions in this Psalm that indicate any *weakness*, as far as it relates to Christ, (and indeed it relates *principally* to him,) are to be understood of the *human* *nature*; for, that in him *God* and *man* were united, but not confounded, the whole New Testament to me bears evidence, the *manhood* being a perfect man, the *Godhead* dwelling bodily in that manhood. Jesus, as MAN, was conceived, born, grew up, increased in wisdom, stature, and favour with God and man; hungered, thirsted, suffered, and died. Jesus, as GOD, knew all things, was from the beginning with God, healed the diseased, cleansed the lepers, and raised the dead; calmed the raging of the sea, and laid the tempest by a word; quickened the human nature, raised it from the dead, took it up into heaven, where as the Lamb newly slain, it ever appears in the presence of God for us. These are all Scripture facts. The *man* Christ Jesus could not work those miracles; the *God* in that man could not have *suffered* those sufferings. Yet *one person* appears to do and suffer all; here then is GOD *manifested in the FLESH*.
***O my strength*** — The *divinity* being the power by which the *humanity* was sustained in this dreadful conflict.

Verse [Psalms 22:20](../../../kjv/psalms/22/20). ***Deliver my soul from the sword*** — Deliver נפשי *naphshi,* *my life*; save me alive, or raise me again.
***My darling*** — יחידתי *yechidathi, my only one*. The only human being that was ever produced since the creation, even by the power of God himself, without the agency of man. ADAM the *first* was created out of the dust of the earth; that was his *mother*; God was the *framer*. ADAM the *second* was produced in the womb of the *virgin*; that was his mother. But that which was conceived in her was by the *power of the Holy Ghost*; hence the man Christ Jesus is the ONLY Son of God; God is his Father, and he is his ONLY ONE.

Verse [Psalms 22:21](../../../kjv/psalms/22/21). ***Save me from the lion's mouth*** — Probably our Lord here includes his *Church* with himself. The *lion* may then mean the *Jews;* the *unicorns*, רמים remin (probably the *rhinoceros*,) the *Gentiles*. For the *unicorn*, [Numbers 23:22](../../../kjv/numbers/23/22). There is no quadruped or *land animal* with one horn only, except the rhinoceros; but there is a *marine* animal, the *narwhal* or *monodon*, a species of *whale*, that has a very fine curled ivory horn, which projects from its snout. One in my own museum measures *seven feet* *four inches*, and is very beautiful. Some of these animals have struck their horn through the side of a ship; and with it they easily transfix the whale, or any such animal. The old Psalter says, "The unicorn es ane of the prudest best that es, so that he wil dye for dedeyn if he be haldyn ogayn his wil."

Verse [Psalms 22:22](../../../kjv/psalms/22/22). ***I will declare the name unto my brethren*** — I will make a complete revelation concerning the God of justice and love, to my *disciples*; and I will announce to the Jewish *people* thy merciful design in sending me to be the Saviour of the world.

Verse [Psalms 22:23](../../../kjv/psalms/22/23). ***Ye that fear the Lord*** — This is an exhortation to the *Jews* particularly, to profit by the preaching of the Gospel. Perhaps, by *them that fear him*, the *Gentiles*, and particularly the *proselytes*, may be intended. The *Jews* are mentioned by name: *Glorify him, all ye seed of Jacob; fear him, all ye seed of* *Israel*.

Verse [Psalms 22:24](../../../kjv/psalms/22/24). ***For he hath not despised*** — It is his property to help and save the poor and the humble; and he rejects not the sighings of a contrite heart. Perhaps it may mean, Though ye have despised me in my humiliation, yet God has graciously received me in the character of a sufferer on account of sin; as by that humiliation unto death the great atonement was made for the sin of the world.

Verse [Psalms 22:25](../../../kjv/psalms/22/25). ***The great congregation*** — In [Psalms 22:22](../../../kjv/psalms/22/22) he declares that he will *praise God in the midst of the congregation*. Here the *Jews* seem to be intended. In this verse he says *he will praise him in* *the* GREAT CONGREGATION. Here the *Gentiles* are probably meant. The Jewish nation was but a *small number* in comparison of the *Gentile* world. And those of the former who received the Gospel were very few when compared with those among the Gentiles who received the Divine testimony. The one *was* (for there is scarcely a converted Jew *now*) קהל kahal, an *assembly*; the other *was, is*, and *will be* increasingly, קהל רב *kahal rab*, a GREAT ASSEMBLY. Salvation *was* of the *Jews*, it is *now* of the *Gentiles*.

Verse [Psalms 22:26](../../../kjv/psalms/22/26). ***The meek shall eat*** — ענוים *anavim*. the POOR, shall eat. In the true only Sacrifice there shall be such a provision for all believers, that they shall have a fulness of joy. Those who offered the sacrifice, fed on what they offered. Jesus, the true Sacrifice, is the bread that came down from heaven; they who eat of this bread shall never die.

Verse [Psalms 22:27](../../../kjv/psalms/22/27). ***All the ends of the world*** — The Gospel shall be preached to every nation under heaven; and *all the kindred of* *nations*, משפחות mishpechoth, the *families* of the nations: not only the *nations* of the world shall receive the Gospel as a *revelation* from God, but *each family* shall embrace it for their own salvation. *They shall worship before* Jesus the Saviour, and through him shall all their praises be offered unto God.

Verse [Psalms 22:28](../../../kjv/psalms/22/28). ***The kingdom*****is*****the Lord's*** — That universal sway of the Gospel which in the New Testament is called *the kingdom of God*; in which all men shall be God's subjects; and righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost, be *universally* diffused.

Verse [Psalms 22:29](../../../kjv/psalms/22/29). ***All*****they that be*****fat upon earth*** — The *rich*, the *great*, the *mighty*, even *princes, governors*, and *kings*, shall embrace the Gospel. They shall count it their greatest honour to be called *Christian*; to join in the assemblies of his people, to commemorate his sacrificial death, to dispense the word of life, to discourage vice, and to encourage the profession and practice of pure and undefiled religion.
***That go down to the dust*** — Every *dying man* shall put his trust in Christ, and shall expect glory only through the great Saviour of mankind.
***None can keep alive his own soul.*** — The *Vulgate* has: Et anima mea illi vivet, et semen meum serviet ipsi; "and my soul shall live to him, and my seed shall serve him." And with this agree the *Syriac,* *Septuagint, AEthiopic, Arabic*, and *Anglo-Saxon*. The old *Psalter* follows them closely: *And my saule sal lyf til him; and my sede* *hym sal serve*. I believe this to be the true reading. Instead of נפשו *naphsho*, HIS *soul*, some MSS., in accordance with the above ancient versions, have נפשי *naphshi*, MY *soul*. And instead of לא *lo, not*, two MSS., with the versions, have לו *lo, to HIM.* And for חיה *chiyah*, shall *vivify*, some have יחיה *yichyeh*, shall *live*. The text, therefore, should be read, *My soul* (נפשי napshi) *shall live* (לו lo) *to him: my seed* (זרעי zari) *shall serve him*. These may be the words of *David* himself: "I will live to this Saviour while I live; and my spiritual posterity shall serve him through all generations."

Verse [Psalms 22:30](../../../kjv/psalms/22/30). ***Shall be accounted to the Lord for a generation.*** — They shall be called *Christians* after the name of Christ.

Verse [Psalms 22:31](../../../kjv/psalms/22/31). ***Unto a people that shall be born*** — That is, one generation shall continue to announce unto another the true religion of the Lord Jesus; so that it shall be for ever propagated in the earth. Of his kingdom there shall be no end.
This Psalm concerns the Messiah, his passion, and his kingdom. Though, in some sense, it, may be applied to David as a *type*, yet *Christ* is the *thing signified*, and therefore it is primarily and principally verified of and in him; for he is brought in here, speaking,
*First*, Of his *dereliction*; then showing his *passion*, and the *cruelty* of his enemies.
*Secondly, Entreating* ease and *deliverance* from his sufferings.
*Thirdly, Promising thanks* to God; foretelling the preaching of the Gospel, and the enlargement of his kingdom by the accession of all nations.
There are *three* chief parts in this Psalm:-
I. Our Saviour's *complaint*, and the *causes* of it: prophetically expressing his sufferings nearly throughout the whole Psalm.
II. His *petition* and *prayer* that God would not absent himself, but deliver and save him, [Psalms 22:3-5](../../../kjv/psalms/22/3-5); [Psalms 22:9-11](../../../kjv/psalms/22/9-11); [Psalms 22:19-21](../../../kjv/psalms/22/19-21).
III. His *thanksgiving* and *prophetic declaration* concerning the conversion of the Gentiles; [Psalms 22:22-31](../../../kjv/psalms/22/22-31).
I. He begins with a heavy complaint of dereliction in his extremity; and that he was not heard, though he prayed with strong crying and tears: "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" c. The words are *repeated* to show the deep anguish of his heart.
2. He shows how well-grounded his complaint was: for God had dealt with him contrary to his usual method for when his saints called upon him, he heard *them* in *their* distress. Martyres si non eripuit, tum non deseruit. "If he did not deliver the martyrs, yet he did not desert them in their sufferings." His case was more grievous than any that had gone before. Of this he speaks particularly in the three succeeding verses, [Psalms 22:3-5](../../../kjv/psalms/22/3-5), by which he reminds God of his promise: "Call on me in the time of trouble, and I will deliver thee." Of this they who went before had experience: and as he was the same God still, why should *this* *Sufferer* only be deserted? for *they* were heard and comforted.
1. "Thou art holy," propitious and benevolent. "Thou dwellest in the praises of Israel;" thou art continually helping them, and they are continually praising thee for this help.
To prove all this he brings the *example* of the *fathers*: -
2. "Our fathers trusted in thee, and thou didst deliver them."
3. "They cried unto thee-and were not confounded."
But my case is worse than any other: "I am a worm, and am no man."
He then details his sufferings: -
1. The scoffs and scorns cast upon him: "I am become the reproach of men, and the despised among the people."
2. Their contempt is expressed both by *words* and *gestures*: "All they that see me laugh me to scorn: they shoot out the lip-and shake the head."
3. They laboured to deprive him of his God. They uttered this insulting sarcasm: "He trusted in the Lord that he would deliver him; let him deliver him, since he delighted in him."
II. He now breaks off the narration of his sufferings, has immediate recourse to God, refutes their irony, shows his confidence in God, and prays for assistance. This he strengthens by *three arguments* drawn from God's goodness towards him: -
1. His *generation* and *birth*: "Thou - tookest me out of my mother's womb."
2. His *sustenance* and support ever since: "Thou didst make me hope when I was upon my mother's breasts; - thou art my God from my mother's belly." In a word, he was his *Saviour, Protector*, and *Preserver*.
3. Trouble is near, and there is none to help. Therefore, "Be not far from me."
Now he returns to the *narration* of his passion, in which he sets forth the *despite, cruelty*, and *rage* of the Jews towards him, whom he compares to *bulls, lions, dogs*, c., [Psalms 22:16](../../../kjv/psalms/22/16).
1. They apprehended him: "Many bulls have compassed me" c.
2. They longed to condemn and devour him: "They gaped on me with their mouths, as a ravening and roaring lion."
3. This was the cruelty of the *lions* and *bulls*, the *chief* *rulers*, and *chief priests* and now follows the ravin of the *dogs*, the "multitude of the people:" they were the "assembly of the wicked;" and being stirred up by the *priests* and *rulers*, "they compassed him round about."
4. They crucify him. And his passion is foretold, with what he should suffer in body and soul.
1. "I am poured out like water." My blood is poured out freely; and no more account taken of it, than if it were water spilt on the ground.
2. "All my bones (when hung on the cross) are out of joint."
3. "My heart (at the sense of God's hatred to sin) is dissolved *and melted* like wax."
4. "My strength (my animal spirits and muscular energy) is dried up like a potsherd;" or like a *pot*, whose *fluid* is *evaporated* by hanging long over a fierce fire.
5. "My tongue (for thirst) cleaveth to my jaws."
6. "Thou hast brought me to death - to the dust of death:" to the grave.
7. "They pierced my hands and my feet." I am crucified also, and die upon the cross.
8. By my long hanging upon the cross, my bones are so disjointed that they may be easily told: "I may tell all my bones."
9. "They look and stare upon me." They feel no *compassion*, but take pleasure in my agonies. This is an affection which is characteristic only of a devil.
10. "They part my garments among them." They delighted in his destruction for the sake of his *spoils*.
Having thus far described his *sufferings*, and the *malice* of his enemies, he begins again to *pray*; which is, in effect, the same with that ejaculation with which Christ gave up the ghost: "Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit." "Be not thou far from me, O Lord." "Deliver my soul from the sword, my darling from the power of the dog." "Save me from the lion's mouth," c.
III. This part, which is a *profession of thanks* for deliverance, contains a clear prophecy of the resurrection of Christ that, having conquered death and Satan, he was to reign and gather a Church out of all nations, which was to continue for ever. This is amplified,
First, By a public profession of the benefit received from God: "I will declare thy name in the midst of the congregation, I will pay my vows." In which we have,
1. The *propagation, proclamation*, and *preaching* of the *Gospel*: "I will declare thy name;" which is amplified,
(1.) By the notation of the *objects* to whom preached, honoured here by the name of, 1. *Brethren*. 2. Those that *fear the Lord*. 3. The *seed of Jacob*, the *seed of Israel*. 4. The *meek* or *poor*. 5. The *fat*- rich, great, or eminent of the earth. 6. They that go down to the dust.
(2.) By the *place*: "The midst of the congregation" - the *great* congregation, i.e., both among the *Jews* and among the *Gentiles*.
(3.) By the *worship* they were to pay: 1. *Praise*. 2. *Paying of* *vows*. 3. *Fear*, or religious reverence.
2. An *exhortation* to his brethren, c., to do this duty and they must be fit for it, for every one is not fit to take God's name in his mouth. It is, *Ye that fear the Lord-the seed of* *Jacob-the seed of Israel*, fear him, serve the Lord in fear, rejoice before him with reverence. Give him both external and internal worship.
3. And to *engage* them to this, he gives *two reasons*:
Reason 1. Drawn from God's *goodness*, his acceptance of our worship, hearing our prayers, and affording help when we call: "For the Lord hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted. When he cried to him, he heard him."
Reason 2. The great *good* that should happen to them who would believe and accept the Gospel; whom he calls here *the meek*, that is, the humble, broken-hearted, the penitent, the heavy laden; those who are oppressed with the burden of their sins, and astonished at a sense of God's wrath. To them are made *three* promises of comfort: -
1. "They shall eat, and be satisfied." They shall be fed with the word and ordinances of God.
2. "They shall praise the Lord for his mercy;" seeking his favour in his ordinances, which, under the Gospel, are generally *eucharistical*.
3. "Their heart shall live for ever;" their conscience being quieted and pacified, and freed from a sense of God's wrath.
Secondly, The prophet proceeds, and shows us the amplitude of these benefits; that they belong, not only to the Jews but to the Gentiles, by whose conversion the kingdom of Christ is to be enlarged.
1. "All the ends of the world," being warned by the preaching of the Gospel, and allured by these promises, shall remember - consider the lamentable condition in which they are, and deplore their former estate, impiety, and idolatry. And the mercy of God being now manifested to them -
2. They shall cast away their gods, *turn* from their evil ways, and seek that God from whom they have been alienated. And being converted -
3. They shall embrace a new form of religion under the Gospel: "All the kindreds of the nations shall worship before thee."
4. Of which the reason is, because Christ is advanced to the throne; all power is given to him: "For the kingdom is the Lord's, and he is governor among the people."
5. He then shows the *two kinds of people* who should become subjects of the kingdom; in effect, *rich* and *poor*.
1. "The fat upon the earth." The wealthy, the mighty; kings, princes, great men, are to be called into the kingdom, that they may be partakers of its grace: "All *they that be* fat upon the earth," c.
2. "They also that go down to the dust." That is, the *poor*, the neglected, who draw out their life in misery, and sit, as it were, in the dust those who are perpetual mourners, and have, as it were, perpetual dust and ashes upon their heads: "These shall bow before him."
Lastly. He amplifies the greatness of this benefit by the *perpetuity* of Christ's kingdom. It was not a feast of one hour, it was to continue.
1. "A seed shall serve him." But this and the preceding clause may signify the psalmist's resolution to live to God himself, and to show others the same way. See the *notes*.
This *seed*, however, shall be accounted to the Lord for a generation. It shall be a peculiar people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, and called by Christ's own name - CHRISTIANS.
2. When one generation is past, *another* shall come up to perform this duty, being instructed by their fathers: "They shall come and declare his righteousness to a people that shall be born." *Manebit* *semper ecclesia*, "the Church is immortal."
3. He concludes with the *cause* of all. Why called, justified, sanctified, saved. He hath done it; the GOD, the Author of all; the Fountain of all grace; the Giver of Jesus Christ, and eternal life through him. For by him, and of him, and through him, are all things; and to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever!

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