---
title: "Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible -  Acts 27"
description: "CHAPTER 27   :-. THE VOYAGE
TO ITALY—THE
SHIPWRECK AND SAFE
LANDING AT MALTA. 1. we should sail, c.—The \"we\"
here reintroduces the historian as one of the"
image: "/images/missing.jpg"
url: "https://realbiblebelievers.com/commentaries/commentary-critical-and-explanatory-on-the-whole-bible/acts/27"
---

CHAPTER 27

. THE VOYAGE
TO ITALY—THE
SHIPWRECK AND SAFE
LANDING AT MALTA.

**1. we should sail,** c.—The "we"
here reintroduces the historian as one of the company. Not that he
had left the apostle from the time when he last included himself (), but the apostle was parted from him by his arrest and
imprisonment, until now, when they met in the ship.
**delivered Paul and certain
other prisoners**—State prisoners going to be tried at Rome of
which several instances are on record.
**Julius**—who treats the
apostle throughout with such marked courtesy ([Acts 27:3](../../../kjv/acts/27/3);
[Acts 27:43](../../../kjv/acts/27/43); [Acts 28:16](../../../kjv/acts/28/16)),
that it has been thought [BENGEL]
he was present when Paul made his defense before Agrippa (see [Acts 28:16](../../../kjv/acts/28/16)), and was impressed with his lofty bearing.
**a centurion of Augustus'
band**—the Augustan cohort, an honorary title given to more than
one legion of the Roman army, implying, perhaps, that they acted as a
bodyguard to the emperor or procurator, as occasion required.

**2. a ship of**—belonging to.
**Adramyttium**—a port on
the northeast coast of the Ægean Sea. Doubtless the centurion
expected to find another ship, bound for Italy, at some of the ports
of Asia Minor, without having to go with this ship all the way to
Adramyttium; and in this he was not disappointed. See on .
**meaning to sail by the
coasts**—"places."
**of Asia**—a coasting
vessel, which was to touch at the ports of proconsular Asia.
***one*****Aristarchus, a Macedonian of Thessalonica, being with us**—rather,
"Aristarchus the Macedonian," c. The word "one"
should not have been introduced here by our translators, as if this
name had not occurred before for we find him seized by the Ephesian
mob as a "man of *Macedonia* and Paul's companion in
travel" ([Acts 19:29](../../../kjv/acts/19/29)) and as
a "*Thessalonian*" accompanying the apostle from
Ephesus on his voyage back to Palestine ([Acts 19:29](../../../kjv/acts/19/29)). Here both these places are mentioned in connection with
his name. After this we find him at Rome with the apostle ([Colossians 4:10](../../../kjv/colossians/4/10);
[Philemon 1:24](../../../kjv/philemon/1/24)).

**3. next day we touched at Sidon**—To
reach this ancient and celebrated Mediterranean port, about seventy
miles north from Cæsarea, in one day, they must have had a fair
wind.
**Julius courteously**—(See
on [Acts 27:2](../../../kjv/acts/27/2)).
**gave him liberty to go to his
friends**—no doubt disciples, gained, it would seem, by degrees,
all along the Phoelignician coast since the first preaching there
(see on [Acts 27:1](../../../kjv/acts/27/1) and [Acts 27:1](../../../kjv/acts/27/1)).
**to refresh himself**—which
after his long confinement would not be unnecessary. Such small
personal details are in this case extremely interesting.

**4. when we had launched**—"set
sail."
**from thence, we sailed under
Cyprus, because the winds were contrary**—The wind blowing from
the westward, probably with a touch of the north, which was adverse,
they sailed *under the lee* of Cyprus, keeping it on their *left,*
and steering between it and the mainland of Phoelignicia.

**5. when we had sailed over the Sea
of Cilicia and Pamphylia**—coasts with which Paul had been long
familiar, the one, perhaps, from boyhood, the other from the time of
his first missionary tour.
**we came to Myra, a city of
Lycia**—a port a little east of Patara (see on ).

**6. there . . . found a ship of
Alexandria, sailing into Italy, and he put us therein**—(See on
[Acts 27:2](../../../kjv/acts/27/2)). As Egypt was the
granary of Italy, and this vessel was laden with wheat ([Acts 27:2](../../../kjv/acts/27/2)), we need not wonder it was large enough to carry two
hundred seventy-six souls, passengers and crew together ([Acts 27:2](../../../kjv/acts/27/2)). Besides, the Egyptian merchantmen, among the largest in
the Mediterranean, were equal to the largest merchantmen in our day.
It may seem strange that on their passage from Alexandria to Italy
they should be found at a Lycian port. But even still it is not
unusual to stand to the north towards Asia Minor, for the sake of the
current.

**7. sailed slowly many days**—owing
to contrary winds.
**and scarce**—"with
difficulty."
**were come over against
Cnidus**—a town on the promontory of the peninsula of that name,
having the island of Coos (see on ) to the west of it. But for the contrary wind they might
have made the distance from Myra (one hundred thirty miles) in one
day. They would naturally have put in at Cnidus, whose larger harbor
was admirable, but the strong westerly current induced them to run
south.
**under**—the lee of
**Crete**—(See on ).
**over against Salmone**—the
cape at the eastern extremity of the island.

**8. And hardly passing it**—"with
difficulty coasting along it," from the same cause as before,
the westerly current and head winds.
**came to . . . the Fair
Havens**—an anchorage near the center of the south coast, and a
little east of Cape Matala, the southern most point of the island.
**nigh whereunto was the city
Lasea**—identified by the REVEREND
GEORGE BROWN
[SMITH, *Voyages and
Shipwreck of St. Paul,* Appendix 3, Second Edition, 1856]. (To
this invaluable book commentators on this chapter, and these notes,
are much indebted).

**9, 10. when much time was
spent**—since leaving Cæsarea. But for unforeseen delays they
might have reached the Italian coast before the stormy season.
**and when sailing**—the
navigation of the open sea.
**was now dangerous, because
the fast was now . . . past**—that of the day of atonement,
answering to the end of *September* and beginning of *October,*
about which time the navigation is pronounced unsafe by writers of
authority. Since all hope of completing the voyage during that season
was abandoned, the question next was, whether they should winter at
Fair Havens, or move to Port Phenice, a harbor about forty miles to
the westward. Paul assisted at the consultation and strongly urged
them to winter where they were.

**10. Sirs, I perceive, that this
voyage will be with hurt and much damage,** &c.—not by any
divine communication, but simply in the exercise of a good judgment
aided by some experience. The event justified his decision.

**11. Nevertheless the centurion
believed the master and owner . . . more than . . . Paul**—He
would naturally think them best able to judge, and there was much to
say for their opinion, as the bay at Fair Havens, being open to
nearly one-half of the compass, could not be a good winter harbor.

**12. Phenice**—"Phenix,"
now called *Lutro.*
**which lieth toward the
southwest and northwest**—If this means that it was open to the
west, it would certainly not be good anchorage! It is thought
therefore to mean that a *wind from* that quarter would lead
into it, or that it lay in an *easterly* direction from such a
wind [SMITH]. seems to confirm this.

**13. when the south wind blew softly,
supposing they had attained their purpose**—With such a wind they
had every prospect of reaching their destination in a few hours.

**14, 15. a tempestuous**—"typhonic"
**wind**—that is, like a
*typhon* or tornado, causing a whirling of the clouds, owing to
the meeting of opposite currents of air.
**called Euroclydon**—The
true reading appears to be *Euro-aquilo,* or east-northeast,
which answers all the effects here ascribed to it.

**15. could not bear up into**—"face"
**the wind, we let her
drift**—before the gale.

**16, 17. under**—the lee of.
**a certain**—"small"
**island . . . Clauda**—southwest
of Crete, now called *Gonzo;* about twenty-three miles to
leeward.
**we had much work to come
by**—that is, to hoist up and secure.
**the boat**—now become
necessary. But why was this difficult? Independently of the gale,
raging at the time, the boat had been towed between twenty and thirty
miles after the gale sprang up, and could scarcely fail to be filled
with water [SMITH].

**17. undergirding the ship**—that
is, passing four or five turns of a cable-laid rope round the hull or
frame of the ship, to enable her to resist the violence of the seas,
an operation rarely resorted to in modern seamanship.
**fearing lest they should fall
into the quicksands**—"be cast ashore" or "stranded
upon the Syrtis," the *Syrtis Major,* a gulf on the African
coast, southwest of Crete, the dread of mariners, owing to its
dangerous shoals.
**they strake**—"struck"
**sail**—This cannot be the
meaning, for to strike sail would have driven them directly towards
the Syrtis. The meaning must be, "lowered the gear"
(appurtenances of every kind); here, perhaps, referring to the
lowering of the heavy mainyard with the sail attached to it [SMITH].

**19, 20. cast out with our own
hands**—passengers and crew together.
**the tackling of the
ship**—whatever they could do without that carried weight. This
further effort to lighten the ship seems to show that it was now in a
*leaking* condition, as will presently appear more evident.

**20. neither sun nor stars appeared
in many**—"several"
**days**—probably most of
the fourteen days mentioned in . This continued thickness of the atmosphere prevented their
making the necessary observations of the heavenly bodies by day or by
night; so that they could not tell where they were.
**all hope that we should be
saved was taken away**—"Their exertions to subdue the leak
had been unavailing; they could not tell which way to make for the
nearest land, in order to run their ship ashore, the only resource
for a sinking ship: but unless they did make the land, they must
founder at sea. Their apprehensions, therefore, were not so much
caused by the fury of the tempest, as by the state of the ship"
[SMITH]. From the
inferiority of ancient to modern naval architecture, leaks were
sprung much more easily, and the means of repairing them were fewer
than now. Hence the far greater number of shipwrecks from this cause.

**21-26. But after long
abstinence**—(See on [Acts 27:2](../../../kjv/acts/27/2)).
"The hardships which the crew endured during a gale of such
continuance, and their exhaustion from laboring at the pumps and
hunger, may be imagined, but are not described" [SMITH].
**Paul stood forth in the midst
of them, and said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened to me,** &c.—not
meaning to reflect on them for the past, but to claim their
confidence for what he was now to say:

**23. there stood by me this night the
angel of God**—as in [Acts 16:9](../../../kjv/acts/16/9);
[Acts 23:11](../../../kjv/acts/23/11).
**whose I am**— ([1 Corinthians 6:19](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/6/19);
[1 Corinthians 6:20](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/6/20)).
**and whom I serve**—in the
sense of *worship* or *religious consecration* (see on [1 Corinthians 6:20](../../../kjv/1-corinthians/6/20)).

**24. saying, Fear not, Paul: thou
must be brought before Cæsar and, lo, God hath given thee all . . .
that sail with thee**—While the crew were toiling at the pumps,
Paul was wrestling in prayer, not for himself only and the cause in
which he was going a prisoner to Rome, but with true magnanimity of
soul for all his shipmates; and God heard him, "giving him"
(remarkable expression!) all that sailed with him. "When the
cheerless day came he gathered the sailors (and passengers) around
him on the deck of the laboring vessel, and raising his voice above
the storm" [HOWSON],
reported the divine communication he had received; adding with a
noble simplicity, "*for I believe God* that it shall be
even as it was told me," and encouraging all on board to "be
of good cheer" in the same confidence. What a contrast to this
is the speech of Cæsar in similar circumstances to his pilot,
bidding him keep up his spirit because he carried Cæsar and Cæsar's
fortune! [PLUTARCH]. The
Roman general knew no better name for the Divine Providence, by which
he had been so often preserved, than *Cæsar's fortune*
[HUMPHRY]. From the
explicit particulars—that the ship would be lost, but not one that
sailed in it, and that they "must be cast on a certain
island"—one would conclude a visional representation of a
total wreck, a mass of human beings struggling with the angry
elements, and one and all of those whose figures and countenances had
daily met his eye on deck, standing on some unknown island shore.
From what follows, it would seem that Paul from this time was
regarded with a deference akin to awe.

**21-26. But after long
abstinence**—(See on [Acts 27:2](../../../kjv/acts/27/2)).
"The hardships which the crew endured during a gale of such
continuance, and their exhaustion from laboring at the pumps and
hunger, may be imagined, but are not described" [SMITH].
**Paul stood forth in the midst
of them, and said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened to me,** &c.—not
meaning to reflect on them for the past, but to claim their
confidence for what he was now to say:

**27-29. when the fourteenth night was
come**—from the time they left Fair Havens.
**as we were driven**—drifting
**up and down in Adria**—the
*Adriatic,* that sea which lies between Greece and Italy.
**about midnight the shipmen
deemed**—no doubt from the peculiar sound of the breakers.
**that they drew near some
country**—"that some land was approaching them." This
nautical language gives a graphic character to the narrative.

**29. they cast four anchors out of
the stern**—The ordinary way was to cast the anchor, as now, from
the *bow:* but ancient ships, built with both ends alike, were
fitted with hawseholes in the stern, so that in case of need they
could anchor either way. And when the fear was, as here, that they
might fall on the rocks *to leeward,* and the intention was to
run the ship ashore as soon as daylight enabled them to fix upon a
safe spot, the very best thing they could do was to anchor by the
stern [SMITH]. In stormy
weather two anchors were used, and we have instances of four being
employed, as here.
**and wished**—"anxiously"
or "devoutly wished."
**for day**—the remark this
of one present, and with all his shipmates alive to the horrors of
their condition. "The ship might go down at her anchors, or the
coast to leeward might be iron-bound, affording no beach on which
they could land with safety. Hence their anxious longing for day, and
the ungenerous but natural attempt, not peculiar to ancient times, of
the seamen to save their own lives by taking to the boat"
[SMITH].

**30. as the shipmen were about to
flee out of the ship**—under cover of night.
**when they had let down the
boat . . . as though they would . . . cast anchors out of the
foreship**—"bow"—rather, "carry out"
anchors, to hold the ship fore as well as aft. "This could have
been of no advantage in the circumstances, and as the pretext could
not deceive a seaman, we must infer that the officers of the ship
were parties to the unworthy attempt, which was perhaps detected by
the nautical skill of St. Luke, and communicated by him to St. Paul"
[SMITH].

**31. Paul said to the centurion and
to the soldiers**—the only parties now to be trusted, and whose
own safety was now at stake.
**except ye abide in the ship
ye cannot be saved**—The soldiers and passengers could not be
expected to possess the necessary seamanship in so very critical a
case. The flight of the crew, therefore, might well be regarded as
certain destruction to all who remained. *In full assurance of
ultimate safety, in virtue of a* DIVINE
*pledge, to all in the ship, Paul speaks and acts throughout this
whole scene in the exercise of a sound judgment as to the
indispensable* HUMAN
*conditions of safety;* and as there is no trace of any feeling
of inconsistency between these two things in his mind, so even the
centurion, under whose orders the soldiers acted on Paul's views,
seems never to have felt perplexed by the twofold aspect, divine and
human, in which the same thing presented itself to the mind of Paul.
*Divine agency and human instrumentality are in all the events of
life quite as much as here.* The only difference is that the one
is for the most part shrouded from view, while the other is ever
naked and open to the senses.

**32. Then the soldiers cut off the
ropes of the boat**—already lowered.
**and let her fall off**—let
the boat drift away.

**33-37. while day was coming
on**—"until it should be day"; that is, in the interval
between the cutting off of the boat and the approach of day, which
all were "anxiously looking for" ().
**Paul**—now looked up to
by all the passengers as the man to direct them.
**besought*****them*****all to take meat**—"partake of a meal."
**saying, This is the
fourteenth day ye have tarried**—"waited for a breathing
time."
**having eaten nothing**—that
is, taken no regular meal. The impossibility of cooking, the
occupation of all hands to keep down leakage, &c., sufficiently
explain this, which is indeed a common occurrence in such cases.

**34. I pray you to take some meat,
for this is for your health, for there shall not a hair fall from . .
. any of you**—On this beautiful union of confidence in the
divine pledge and care for the whole ship's health and safety see on
[Acts 27:2](../../../kjv/acts/27/2).

**35. when he had thus spoken he took
bread**—assuming the lead.
**and gave thanks to God in
presence of them all**—an impressive act in such circumstances,
and fitted to plant a testimony for the God he served in the breasts
of all.
**when he had broken*****it,*****he began to eat**—not understood by the Christians in the ship as
a love-feast, or celebration of the Lord's Supper, as some think, but
a meal to recruit exhausted nature, which Paul shows them by his own
example how a Christian partakes of.

**36. Then were they all of good
cheer, and they also took some meat**—"took food"; the
first full meal since the commencement of the gale. Such courage in
desperate circumstances as Paul here showed is wonderfully
infectious.

**33-37. while day was coming
on**—"until it should be day"; that is, in the interval
between the cutting off of the boat and the approach of day, which
all were "anxiously looking for" ().
**Paul**—now looked up to
by all the passengers as the man to direct them.
**besought*****them*****all to take meat**—"partake of a meal."
**saying, This is the
fourteenth day ye have tarried**—"waited for a breathing
time."
**having eaten nothing**—that
is, taken no regular meal. The impossibility of cooking, the
occupation of all hands to keep down leakage, &c., sufficiently
explain this, which is indeed a common occurrence in such cases.

**38-40. when they had eaten enough,**
&c.—With fresh strength after the meal, they make a third and
last effort to lighten the ship, not only by pumping, as before, but
by throwing the whole cargo of wheat into the sea (see on ).

**39. when it was day they knew not
the land**—This has been thought surprising in sailors accustomed
to that sea. But the scene of the wreck is remote from the great
harbor, and possesses no marked features by which it could be
recognized, even by a native if he came unexpectedly upon it [SMITH],
not to speak of the rain pouring in torrents (), which would throw a haze over the coast even after day
broke. Immediately on landing they knew where they were ().
**discovered a creek with a
shore**—Every creek of course, must have a shore; but the meaning
is, a *practicable* shore, in a nautical sense, that is, one
with a smooth beach, in contradistinction to a rocky coast (as shows).
**into which they were minded,
if . . . possible, to thrust the ship**—This was their one chance
of safety.

**40. taken up the anchors, they
committed themselves to the sea**—The *Margin* is here
evidently right, "cut the anchors (away), they left them in the
sea."
**loosed the rudder
bands**—Ancient ships were steered by two large paddles, one on
each quarter. When anchored by the stern in a gale, it would be
necessary to lift them out of the water and secure them by lashings
or rudder bands, and to loose these when the ship was again got under
way [SMITH].
**hoised up the mainsail**—her,
"the foresail," the best possible sail that be set in the
circumstances. How necessary must the crew have been to execute all
these movements, and how obvious the foresight which made their stay
indispensable to the safety of all on board (see on )!

**41. falling into a place where two
seas met**—SMITH
thinks this refers to the channel, not more than one hundred yards
broad, which separates the small island of Salmone from Malta,
forming a communication between the sea inside the bay and that
outside.
**the fore part stuck fast, and
remained immovable**—"The rocks of Malta disintegrate into
extremely minute particles of sand and clay, which, when acted upon
by the currents or surface agitation, form a deposit of tenacious
clay; but, in still waters, where these causes do not act, mud is
formed; but it is only in creeks, where there are no currents, and at
such a depth as to be undisturbed by the waves, that the mud occurs.
A ship, therefore, impelled by the force of a gale, into a creek,
with such a bottom, would strike a bottom of mud, graduating into
tenacious clay, into which the fore part would fix itself, and be
held fast, while the stern was exposed to the force of the waves"
[SMITH].
**hinder part was broken**—The
*continued action* denoted by the tense here is to be noted—"was
fast breaking," going to pieces.

**42-44. the soldiers' counsel was to
hill the prisoners, lest any . . . should escape**—Roman cruelty,
which made the keepers answerable for their prisoners with their own
lives, is here reflected in this cruel proposal.

**43. the centurion,** c.—Great
must have been the influence of Paul over the centurion's mind to
produce such an effect. All followed the swimmers in committing
themselves to the deep, and according to the divine pledge and Paul's
confident assurance given them, every soul got safe to land—yet
without miracle. (While the graphic minuteness of this narrative of
the shipwreck puts it beyond doubt that the narrator was himself on
board, the great number of *nautical phrases,* which all critics
have noted, along with the *unprofessional* air which the whole
narrative wears, agrees singularly with all we know and have reason
to believe of "the beloved physician" see on ).

**42-44. the soldiers' counsel was to
hill the prisoners, lest any . . . should escape**—Roman cruelty,
which made the keepers answerable for their prisoners with their own
lives, is here reflected in this cruel proposal.

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