1.

How hath the Lord covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger, and cast down from heaven unto the earth the beauty of Israel, and remembered not his footstool in the day of his anger!

the LORD*. One of the 134 places where the Sopherim say they altered "Jehovah" of the primitive text to "Adonai". See App-32 .
the beauty of Israel. Probably referring to the Temple (Isaiah 64:11 ), or the heroic defenders of Jerusalem (2 Samuel 1:19 ).
Israel. Referring to the spiritual seed. See note on Lamentations 1:17 .
His footstool. Probably referring to the ark of the covenant (1 Chronicles 28:2 ), or the sanctuary (Psalms 99:5 ; Psalms 132:7 . Isaiah 60:13 ).

2.

The Lord hath swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and hath not pitied: he hath thrown down in his wrath the strong holds of the daughter of Judah; he hath brought them down to the ground: he hath polluted the kingdom and the princes thereof.

swallowed up: i.e. as by an earthquake.
habitations = the open villages of the shepherds, in contrast with the strongholds of the next lines.

3.

He hath cut off in his fierce anger all the horn of Israel: he hath drawn back his right hand from before the enemy, and he burned against Jacob like a flaming fire, which devoureth round about.

horn. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), App-6 , for the self-protection afforded by it.
right hand. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia . App-6 .

4.

He hath bent his bow like an enemy: he stood with his right hand as an adversary, and slew all that were pleasant to the eye in the tabernacle of the daughter of Zion: he poured out his fury like fire.

His bow. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia.
all that were pleasant to the eye. Hebrew = all the desires of the eye; "eye" being put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of the Adjunct), for the things desired by it.
eye. Transfer here the colon which is wrongly placed after Zion.
tabernacle = tent. Hebrew. 'ohel. App-40 .
Zion: place this colon after "eye" in preceding line, and connect Zion with the verb which follows.

5.

The Lord was as an enemy: he hath swallowed up Israel, he hath swallowed up all her palaces: he hath destroyed his strong holds, and hath increased in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation.

her. Ginsburg thinks it should be "His".
mourning and lamentation. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia ( App-6 ). Hebrew. taaniyyah vaaniyyah.

6.

And he hath violently taken away his tabernacle, as if it were of a garden: he hath destroyed his places of the assembly: the LORD hath caused the solemn feasts and sabbaths to be forgotten in Zion, and hath despised in the indignation of his anger the king and the priest.

tabernacle = dwelling, or pavilion. Hebrew. sok. Occurs only here.
as if it were of a garden: or, as [a booth in] a garden [is destroyed] See note on Isaiah 1:8 . Septuagint reads "like a vine". Ginsburg thinks "like a thief".
the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4 .
solemn feasts = appointed seasons.

7.

The Lord hath cast off his altar, he hath abhorred his sanctuary, he hath given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces; they have made a noise in the house of the LORD, as in the day of a solemn feast.

8.

The LORD hath purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion: he hath stretched out a line, he hath not withdrawn his hand from destroying: therefore he made the rampart and the wall to lament; they languished together.

destroying = swallowing up.

9.

Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken her bars: her king and her princes are among the Gentiles: the law is no more; her prophets also find no vision from the LORD.

ground = earth.
her king, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 28:36 ). App-92 .
Gentiles = nations.
the law is no more: i.e. is no longer known and obeyed. Compare Nehemiah 13:1 , and Esd Lam 14:20 , Lam 14:21 .

10.

The elders of the daughter of Zion sit upon the ground, and keep silence: they have cast up dust upon their heads; they have girded themselves with sackcloth: the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.

girded . . . with sackcloth. The outward symbol of mourning.

11.

Mine eyes do fail with tears, my bowels are troubled, my liver is poured upon the earth, for the destruction of the daughter of my people; because the children and the sucklings swoon in the streets of the city.

troubled = moved, or in ferment.
liver. Figure of speech for the seat of the emotions. Compare Job 16:13 .
children = babes.

12.

They say to their mothers, Where is corn and wine? when they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city, when their soul was poured out into their mothers' bosom.

wine. Hebrew. yayin. App-27 .
soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13 .

13.

What thing shall I take to witness for thee? what thing shall I liken to thee, O daughter of Jerusalem? what shall I equal to thee, that I may comfort thee, O virgin daughter of Zion? for thy breach is great like the sea: who can heal thee?

14.

Thy prophets have seen vain and foolish things for thee: and they have not discovered thine iniquity, to turn away thy captivity; but have seen for thee false burdens and causes of banishment.

prophets, &c. Compare Ezekiel 12:24 ; Ezekiel 13:1-16 , Ezekiel 13:23 ; Ezekiel 21:29 ; Ezekiel 22:28 .
turn away thy captivity = cause thy captives to return. See note on Deuteronomy 30:3 .
burdens = oracles.
causes of banishment. Here, the Figure of speech Metonymy (of Effect), App-6 , is translated. Hebrew = expulsions, which is put for the effect of listening to those who brought about the expulsion (Jeremiah 2:8 ; Jeremiah 5:31 ; Jeremiah 14:14 ; Jeremiah 23:16 ).

15.

All that pass by clap their hands at thee; they hiss and wag their head at the daughter of Jerusalem, saying, Is this the city that men call The perfection of beauty, The joy of the whole earth?

pass by = pass by the way.
saying. Note the Ellipsis of this verb, which is very frequent in Hebrew. See Psalms 109:5 ; Psa 114:12 , &c.
Is . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis.

16.

All thine enemies have opened their mouth against thee: they hiss and gnash the teeth: they say, We have swallowed her up: certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.

All, &c. In some Codices, with Syriac, Lamentations 2:16 and Lamentations 2:17 are transposed to bring the letters Ayin and Pe into alphabetical order. The Septuagint leaves the verses, but transposes the letters. This is done because it is supposed to be a mistake. But it cannot be, because the same order appears in Lamentations 3 and Lamentations 4 , and in the former case it occurs three times, although the subject-matter allows no such break. It is easier to believe that the outward artificial form is sacrificed to call our attention to the greater importance of the utterance. In Lamentations 2:16 we learn what the enemy thought and said; but, as the Ayin really precedes the Pe , so we are reminded that this was only owing to Jehovah's purpose which had been revealed centuries before. See note on Lamentations 2:17 .

17.

The LORD hath done that which he had devised; he hath fulfilled his word that he had commanded in the days of old: he hath thrown down, and hath not pitied: and he hath caused thine enemy to rejoice over thee, he hath set up the horn of thine adversaries.

For the transposition of the Hebrew alphabet here, see note on Lamentations 2:16 , above.
devised. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:16 , Leviticus 26:17 . Deuteronomy 28:15 ).

18.

Their heart cried unto the Lord, O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night: give thyself no rest; let not the apple of thine eye cease.

Cried = cried (distressfully).

19.

Arise, cry out in the night: in the beginning of the watches pour out thine heart like water before the face of the Lord: lift up thy hands toward him for the life of thy young children, that faint for hunger in the top of every street.

the LORD*. This is the reading in some Codices, with one early printed edition.

20.

Behold, O LORD, and consider to whom thou hast done this. Shall the women eat their fruit, and children of a span long? shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord?

consider. Put a colon after "consider", and an"? "after "this".
Shall . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis. App-6 . Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:29 . Deuteronomy 28:53 ). App-92 .
span. See App-51 .

21.

The young and the old lie on the ground in the streets: my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; thou hast slain them in the day of thine anger; thou hast killed, and not pitied.

22.

Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about, so that in the day of the LORD's anger none escaped nor remained: those that I have swaddled and brought up hath mine enemy consumed.

solemn day = day of assembly.
terrors round about. Compare Jeremiah 6:25 ; Jeremiah 20:3 , Jeremiah 20:10 ; Jeremiah 46:5 ; Jeremiah 49:29 .