1.

Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father.

a day : i.e. a certain day.

2.

And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men;

a pomegranate tree = the pomegranate tree: i.e. the well-known one.
Migron . North of Gilgal.
men. Heb, 'ish. App-14 .

3.

And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, I-chabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD's priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone.

Ahiah (= brother or friend of Jehovah). As Ahimelech (brother or friend of the king) was also the son of Ahitub, therefore Ahiah and Ahimelech were brothers, and the latter succeeded the former (1 Samuel 22:11 ). I-chabod's. Compare 1 Samuel 4:21 .
the LORD'S . Hebrew. Jehovah . App-4 .
wearing an ephod . See note on 1 Samuel 14:18 .

4.

And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.

sharp rock = a crag. Hebrew. sela '. See notes on Exodus 17:6 . Psalms 18:1 , Psalms 18:2 .
and. Some codices, with two early printed editions, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, omit this "and".
Bozez = Shining.
Seneh = Sharp, or pointed. Hebrew = thorn.

5.

The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah.

was situate. Hebrew. mazuk, only here, and 1 Samuel 2:8 the sharp crag, or pillar of 1 Samuel 14:4 .
Michmash . Nine miles from Jerusalem.
Gibeah = - Geba.

6.

And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few.

the LORD (Jehovah) will work . Note the language of faith. Compare 2 Chronicles 14:11 .

7.

And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart.


behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. App-6 .

8.

Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them.

men. Hebrew. 'enosh. App-14 .

9.

If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them.

Tarry = keep quiet.

10.

But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us.

hand . Some codices, with two early printed editions, Septuagint, and Vulgate, read "hands ".

11.

And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves.

the Hebrews . Compare 1 Samuel 14:21 .

12.

And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel.

shew you a thing = tell you something.

13.

And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him.

14.

And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow.

acre . Hebrew = furrow, or a furrow's length. The Figure of speech Ellipsis ( App-6 ) is supplied, but the words "in a day" might be added for completeness at end of verse. This is the standard measure throughout the Turkish empire, called a deunum = 40 arshuns.

15.

And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling.

host = camp.
trembled = were panic-stricken. Compare 2 Samuel 5:24 . 2 Kings 7:6 ; 2 Kings 19:7 .
a very great trembling = a preternatural trembling. Hebrew a trembling from Elohim . App-4 .

16.

And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another.

and they went on beating down , &c. Hebrew hither and thither. A supposed Ellipsis is unnecessarily supplied. Read "melted away hither and thither", with Septuagint and Syriac.

17.

Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there.

18.

And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel.

the ark of God . The word rendered "bring" (nayash) inappropriate for the Ark, which was at Kirjath-jearim (Judges 20:27 , and compare 2 Samuel 11:11 ; 2 Samuel 15:24 ). The Septuagint reads "the ephod, for he bare the ephod at that time before Israel". Compare 1 Samuel 14:3 . The context shows that inquiry of the LORD by Urim and Thummim was in Saul's mind. See 1 Samuel 14:18 and note on Exodus 28:30 , and compare 1 Samuel 28:6 , 1Sa 28:9 ; 1 Samuel 30:7 , 1 Samuel 30:8 , where the same word is used for "bring".
God . Hebrew. Elohim . App-4 . Literally "the God".
children = sons.

19.

And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand.

talked : i.e. concerning the inquiry proposed.
Withdraw : i.e. from the ephod = Stop!
hand. Some codices, with three early printed editions, and Septuagint, read "hands".

20.

And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.

assembled themselves = were assembled (by proclamation).
every man's . Hebrew. 'ish. App-14 .

21.

Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan.

the Hebrews . Called so in distinction from the foreigners among whom they lived; referring to language rather than nationality. Compare 1 Samuel 14:11 . turned. Septuagint and Vulgate read "turned round".

22.

Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle.

mount = hill country of.

23.

So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Beth-aven.

the LORD (Jehovah) saved : according to Jonathan's faith.
unto. Some codices, with Aramaean and Vulgate, read "as far as".
Beth-aven. The Septuagint adds: "and all the people with Saul were about 10,000 men: and the battle extended itself to every city in the mount Ephraim. And Saul committed a great trespass of ignorance on that day. "

24.

And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food.

food. Hebrew "bread", put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), App-6 , for all kinds of food.

25.

And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground.

the ground. Hebrew "the face (i.e. surface) of the ground". Figure of speech Pleonasm. App-6 .

26.

And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath.

behold. Figure of speech Asterismos.

27.

But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.

an honeycomb. The Hebrew ya'ar never means honeycomb, but "a wood". It is rendered "forest" thirty-eight times, "wood" nineteen times, "honey-comb" only here and Song of Solomon 5:15

28.

Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint.

straitly = strictly.
faint = weary.

29.

Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey.

land = people. Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), App-6 .

30.

How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines?

How. ? Figure of speech Erotesis. App-6 .

31.

And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint.

32.

And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood.

33.

Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day.

sin. Hebrew. chata'. App-44 .
transgressed = dealt treacherously.
this day . Septuagint reads "here".

34.

And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there.

his ox with him. Septuagint reads "what was in his hand".

35.

And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD.

36.

And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God.

37.

And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day.

38.

And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day.

39.

For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him.

40.

Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee.

41.

Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped.

the LORD = Jehovah. Punctuate thus: "Saul said unto Jehovah: `O God of Israel' ", &c.
Give a perfect lot = Give perfections: i.e. Thummim. See Exodus 28:30 . There is evidently a Homceoteleuton ( App-6 ) here. The scribes, having written the word "Israel", went forward to the word "Israel "a line or two farther on, and omitted the words between, which are preserved in two ancient versions, older than any Hebrew manuscript extant. These omitted words are enclosed within brackets below, in the translation given of the Septuagint version:-" LORD God of Israel, [Why hast thou not answered Thy servant this day? Is the iniquity in me, or in Jonathan my son? LORD God of Israel, Give clear [manifestation, i.e. Urim]; and if [the lot] should declare this, give, I pray Thee, to Thy People Israel, give, I pray, holiness" (i.e. Thummim, a perfect lot). The Hebrew (unpointed) thamim (perfect) would thus have been Thummim.

42.

And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken.

43.

Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die.

lo. Figure of speech Asterismos. App-6 .

44.

And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan.

do so . Some codices, with three early printed editions, Aramaean, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, add "unto me".

45.

And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not.

not one hair , &c. Figure of speech Parcemia. App-6 .
rescued . Hebrew pieta = redeemed. See note on Exodus 6:6 with Exodus 13:13 . Perhaps a victim was offered in his stead.

46.

Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place.

47.

So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them.

and . Note the Figure of speech Polysyndeton ( App-6 ) in verses: 1 Samuel 14:47-48 .
children = sons.
he vexed them = he put them to the worse. But Septuagint reads "he was victorious".

48.

And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them.

an host . Hebrew "power". Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), App-6 , put for the army which manifested the power. Or, it may be rendered "he wrought mightily".

49.

Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchi-shua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal:

Ishui . Called Abinadab in 1 Samuel 31:2 .

50.

And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle.

51.

And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel.

Kish was the father of Saul. For the difficulties of this genealogy, see note on 1 Chronicles 8:33 .

52.

And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him.

man . Hebrew. 'ish. App-14 .
valiant man . Hebrew son of valour.
he took him . As Samuel had said (1 Samuel 8:11 , 1 Samuel 8:16 ).