1. summer fruit—Hebrew, kitz. In Amos 8:2 "end" is in Hebrew, keetz. The similarity of sounds implies that, as the summer is the end of the year and the time of the ripeness of fruits, so Israel is ripe for her last punishment, ending her national existence. As the fruit is plucked when ripe from the tree, so Israel from her land.

2. end— (Ezekiel 7:2; Ezekiel 7:6).

3. songs of . . . temple— (). The joyous hymns in the temple of Judah (or rather, in the Beth-el "royal temple," ; for the allusion is to Israel, not Judah, throughout this chapter) shall be changed into "howlings." GROTIUS translates, "palace"; compare , as to the songs there. But Amos 5:23; Amos 7:13, favor English Version.
they shall cast them forth with silence—not as the Margin, "be silent." It is an adverb, "silently." There shall be such great slaughter as even to prevent the bodies being buried [CALVIN]. There shall be none of the usual professional mourners (Amos 7:13), but the bodies will be cast out in silence. Perhaps also is meant that terror, both of God (compare Amos 7:13) and of the foe, shall close their lips.

4. Hear—The nobles needed to be urged thus, as hating to hear reproof.
swallow up the needy—or, "gape after," that is, pant for their goods; so the word is used, Job 7:2, Margin.
to make the poor . . . to fail—"that they (themselves) may be placed alone in the midst of the earth" (Isaiah 5:8).

5. So greedy are they of unjust gain that they cannot spare a single day, however sacred, from pursuing it. They are strangers to God and enemies to themselves, who love market days better than sabbath days; and they who have lost piety will not long keep honesty. The new moons () and sabbaths were to be kept without working or trading (Nehemiah 10:31).
set forth wheat—literally, "open out" stores of wheat for sale.
ephah—containing three seahs, or above three pecks.
making . . . small—making it below the just weight to purchasers.
shekel great—taking from purchasers a greater weight of money than was due. Shekels used to be weighed out in payments (Nehemiah 10:31). Thus they committed a double fraud against the law (Deuteronomy 25:13; Deuteronomy 25:14).

6. buy . . . poor for silver . . . pair of shoes—that is, that we may compel the needy for money, or any other thing of however little worth, to sell themselves to us as bondmen, in defiance of ; the very thing which brings down God's judgment ().
sell the refuse of . . . wheat—which contains no nutriment, but which the poor eat at a low price, being unable to pay for flour.

7. Lord hath sworn by the excellency of Jacob—that is, by Himself, in whom Jacob's seed glory [MAURER]. Rather, by the spiritual privileges of Israel, the adoption as His peculiar people [CALVIN], the temple, and its Shekinah symbol of His presence. Compare , where it means Jehovah's temple (compare ).
never forget—not pass by without punishing (Amos 8:2; Hosea 8:13; Hosea 9:9).

8. the land . . . rise up wholly as a flood—The land will, as it were, be wholly turned into a flooding river (a flood being the image of overwhelming calamity, ).
cast out and drowned, &c.—swept away and overwhelmed, as the land adjoining the Nile is by it, when flooding (Amos 9:5). The Nile rises generally twenty feet. The waters then "cast out" mire and dirt (Isaiah 57:20).

9. "Darkness" made to rise "at noon" is the emblem of great calamities (Jeremiah 15:9; Ezekiel 32:7-10).

10. baldness—a sign of mourning (Isaiah 15:2; Jeremiah 48:37; Ezekiel 7:18).
I will make it as . . . mourning of an only son—"it," that is, "the earth" (Amos 8:9). I will reduce the land to such a state that there shall be the same occasion for mourning as when parents mourn for an only son (Jeremiah 6:26; Zechariah 12:10).

11. famine of . . . hearing the words of the Lord—a just retribution on those who now will not hear the Lord's prophets, nay even try to drive them away, as Amaziah did (Amos 7:12); they shall look in vain, in their distress, for divine counsel, such as the prophets now offer (Ezekiel 7:26; Micah 3:7). Compare as to the Jews' rejection of Messiah, and their consequent rejection by Him (Matthew 21:43); and their desire for Messiah too late (Luke 17:22; John 7:34; John 8:21). So, the prodigal when he had sojourned awhile in the "far-off country, began to be in want" in the "mighty famine" which arose (Luke 15:14; compare 1 Samuel 3:1; 1 Samuel 7:2). It is remarkable that the Jews' religion is almost the only one that could be abolished against the will of the people themselves, on account of its being dependent on a particular place, namely, the temple. When that was destroyed, the Mosaic ritual, which could not exist without it, necessarily ceased. Providence designed it, that, as the law gave way to the Gospel, so all men should perceive it was so, in spite of the Jews' obstinate rejection of the Gospel.

12. they shall wander from sea to sea—that is, from the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean, from east to west.
from . . . north . . . to . . . east—where we might expect "from north to south." But so alienated was Israel from Judah, that no Israelite even then would think of repairing southward, that is, to Jerusalem for religious information. The circuit is traced as in , &c., except that the south is omitted. Their "seeking the word of the Lord" would not be from a sincere desire to obey God, but under the pressure of punishment.

13. faint for thirst—namely, thirst for hearing the words of the Lord, being destitute of all other comfort. If even the young and strong faint, how much more the infirm (Isaiah 40:30; Isaiah 40:31)!

14. swear by the sin of Samaria—namely, the calves (Deuteronomy 9:21; Hosea 4:15). "Swear by" means to worship (Hosea 4:15).
The manner—that is, as "the way" is used (Psalms 139:24; Acts 9:2), the mode of worship.
Thy god, O Dan—the other golden calf at Dan (Acts 9:2).
liveth . . . liveth—rather, "May thy god . . . live . . . may the manner . . . live." Or, "As (surely as) thy god, O Dan, liveth." This is their formula when they swear; not "May Jehovah live!" or, "As Jehovah liveth!"