1. From vanity connected with kings, he passes to vanities () which may be fallen into in serving the King of kings, even by those who, convinced of the vanity of the creature, wish to worship the Creator.
Keep thy foot—In going to worship, go with considerate, circumspect, reverent feeling. The allusion is to the taking off the shoes, or sandals, in entering a temple (Exodus 3:5; Joshua 5:15, which passages perhaps gave rise to the custom). WEISS needlessly reads, "Keep thy feast days" (Exodus 23:14; Exodus 23:17; the three great feasts).
hear—rather, "To be ready (to draw nigh with the desire) to hear (obey) is a better sacrifice than the offering of fools" [HOLDEN]. (Vulgate; Syriac). (Psalms 51:16; Psalms 51:17; Proverbs 21:3; Jeremiah 6:20; Jeremiah 7:21-23; Jeremiah 14:12; Amos 5:21-24). The warning is against mere ceremonial self-righteousness, as in Amos 5:21-30. Obedience is the spirit of the law's requirements (Deuteronomy 10:12). Solomon sorrowfully looks back on his own neglect of this (compare 1 Kings 8:63; Ecclesiastes 11:4; Ecclesiastes 11:6). Positive precepts of God must be kept, but will not stand instead of obedience to His moral precepts. The last provided no sacrifice for wilful sin (Numbers 15:30; Numbers 15:31; Hebrews 10:26-29).

2. rash—opposed to the considerate reverence ("keep thy foot," ). This verse illustrates , as to prayer in the house of God ("before God," Isaiah 1:12); so Isaiah 1:12 as to vows. The remedy to such vanities is stated (Ecclesiastes 5:6). "Fear thou God."
God is in heaven—Therefore He ought to be approached with carefully weighed words, by thee, a frail creature of earth.

3. As much "business," engrossing the mind, gives birth to incoherent "dreams," so many words, uttered inconsiderately in prayer, give birth to and betray "a fool's speech" (), [HOLDEN and WEISS]. But implies that the "dream" is not a comparison, but the vain thoughts of the fool (sinner, ), arising from multiplicity of (worldly) "business." His "dream" is that God hears him for his much speaking (), independently of the frame of mind [English Version and MAURER].
fool's voice—answers to "dream" in the parallel; it comes by the many "words" flowing from the fool's "dream."

4. When thou vowest a vow unto God—Hasty words in prayer (Ecclesiastes 5:2; Ecclesiastes 5:3) suggest the subject of hasty vows. A vow should not be hastily made (Judges 11:35; 1 Samuel 14:24). When made, it must be kept (Psalms 76:11), even as God keeps His word to us (Exodus 12:41; Exodus 12:51; Joshua 21:45).

5. (Deuteronomy 23:21; Deuteronomy 23:23).

6. thy flesh—Vow not with "thy mouth" a vow (for example, fasting), which the lusts of the flesh ("body," Ecclesiastes 2:3, Margin) may tempt thee to break (Ecclesiastes 2:3).
angel—the "messenger" of God (Job 33:23); minister (Revelation 1:20); that is, the priest (Malachi 2:7) "before" whom a breach of a vow was to be confessed (Leviticus 5:4; Leviticus 5:5). We, Christians, in our vows (for example, at baptism, the Lord's Supper, c.) vow in the presence of Jesus Christ, "the angel of the covenant" (Leviticus 5:5), and of ministering angels as witnesses (1 Corinthians 11:10 1 Timothy 5:21). Extenuate not any breach of them as a slight error.

7. (See on ). God's service, which ought to be our chief good, becomes by "dreams" (foolish fancies as of God's requirements of us in worship), and random "words," positive "vanity." The remedy is, whatever fools may do, "Fear thou God" (Ecclesiastes 12:13).

8. As in , so here the difficulty suggests itself. If God is so exact in even punishing hasty words (), why does He allow gross injustice? In the remote "provinces," the "poor" often had to put themselves for protection from the inroads of Philistines, &c., under chieftains, who oppressed them even in Solomon's reign ().
the matter—literally, "the pleasure," or purpose (). Marvel not at this dispensation of God's will, as if He had abandoned the world. Nay, there is coming a capital judgment at last, and an earnest of it in partial punishments of sinners meanwhile.
higher than the highest— (Daniel 7:18).
regardeth— (Daniel 7:18).
there be higher—plural, that is, the three persons of the Godhead, or else, "regardeth not only the 'highest' kings, than whom He 'is higher,' but even the petty tyrants of the provinces, namely, the high ones who are above them" (the poor) [WEISS].

9. "The profit (produce) of the earth is (ordained) for (the common good of) all: even the king himself is served by (the fruits of) the field" (). Therefore the common Lord of all, high and low, will punish at last those who rob the "poor" of their share in it (Proverbs 22:22; Proverbs 22:23; Amos 8:4-7).

10. Not only will God punish at last, but meanwhile the oppressive gainers of "silver" find no solid "satisfaction" in it.
shall not be satisfied—so the oppressor "eateth his own flesh" (see on and Ecclesiastes 4:5).
with increase—is not satisfied with the gain that he makes.

11. they . . . that eat them—the rich man's dependents (Psalms 23:5).

12. Another argument against anxiety to gain riches. "Sleep . . . sweet" answers to "quietness" (Ecclesiastes 4:6); "not suffer . . . sleep," to "vexation of spirit." Fears for his wealth, and an overloaded stomach without "laboring" (compare Ecclesiastes 4:5), will not suffer the rich oppressor to sleep.

13, 14. Proofs of God's judgments even in this world (). The rich oppressor's wealth provokes enemies, robbers, c. Then, after having kept it for an expected son, he loses it beforehand by misfortune ("by evil travail"), and the son is born to be heir of poverty. Ecclesiastes 2:19 Ecclesiastes 2:23 gives another aspect of the same subject.

16. Even supposing that he loses not his wealth before death, then at least he must go stripped of it all (Psalms 49:17).
laboured for the wind— (Hosea 12:1; 1 Corinthians 9:26).

17. eateth—appropriately put for "liveth" in general, as connected with Ecclesiastes 5:11; Ecclesiastes 5:12; Ecclesiastes 5:18.
darkness—opposed to "light (joy) of countenance" (Ecclesiastes 8:1; Proverbs 16:15).
wrath—fretfulness, literally, "His sorrow is much, and his infirmity (of body) and wrath."

18. Returns to the sentiment (Ecclesiastes 3:12; Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 3:22); translate: "Behold the good which I have seen, and which is becoming" (in a man).
which God giveth—namely, both the good of his labor and his life.
his portion—legitimately. It is God's gift that makes it so when regarded as such. Such a one will use, not abuse, earthly things (Ecclesiastes 3:22). Opposed to the anxious life of the covetous (Ecclesiastes 5:10; Ecclesiastes 5:17).

19. As refers to the "laboring" man (), so Ecclesiastes 5:19 to the "rich" man, who gets wealth not by "oppression" (Ecclesiastes 5:8), but by "God's gift." He is distinguished also from the "rich" man (Ecclesiastes 6:2) in having received by God's gift not only "wealth," but also "power to eat thereof," which that one has not.
to take his portion—limits him to the lawful use of wealth, not keeping back from God His portion while enjoying his own.

20. He will not remember much, looking back with disappointment, as the ungodly do (), on the days of his life.
answereth . . . in the joy—God answers his prayers in giving him "power" to enjoy his blessings. GESENIUS and Vulgate translate, "For God (so) occupies him with joy," c., that he thinks not much of the shortness and sorrows of life. HOLDEN, "Though God gives not much (as to real enjoyment), yet he remembers (with thankfulness) the days for (he knows) God exercises him by the joy," &c. (tries him by prosperity), so Margin, but English Version is simplest.