1. But now—notwithstanding God's past just judgments for Israel's sins.
created—not only in the general sense, but specially created as a peculiar people unto Himself (Isaiah 43:7; Isaiah 43:15; Isaiah 43:21; Isaiah 44:2; Isaiah 44:21; Isaiah 44:24). So believers, "created in Christ Jesus" (Isaiah 44:24), "a peculiar people" (Isaiah 44:24).
redeemed—a second argument why they should trust Him besides creation. The Hebrew means to ransom by a price paid in lieu of the captives (compare Isaiah 43:3). Babylon was to be the ransom in this case, that is, was to be destroyed, in order that they might be delivered; so Christ became a curse, doomed to death, that we might be redeemed.
called . . . by . . . name—not merely "called" in general, as in Isaiah 42:6; Isaiah 48:12; Isaiah 51:2, but designated as His own peculiar people (compare Isaiah 45:3; Isaiah 45:4; Exodus 32:1; Exodus 33:12; John 10:3).

2. rivers . . . not overflow thee—so in passing Jordan, though at its "overflow," when its "swellings" were especially dangerous (Joshua 3:15; Jeremiah 12:5).
waters . . . fire—a proverbial phrase for the extremest perils (Jeremiah 12:5; also Psalms 138:7). Literally fulfilled at the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21; Exodus 14:22), and in the case of the three youths cast into the fiery furnace for conscience' sake (Daniel 3:25; Daniel 3:27).

3. Egypt for thy ransom—Either Egypt or Israel must perish; God chose that Egypt, though so much more mighty, should be destroyed, in order that His people might be delivered; thus Egypt stood, instead of Israel, as a kind of "ransom." The Hebrew, kopher, means properly "that with which anything is overlaid," as the pitch with which the ark was overlaid; hence that which covers over sins, an atonement. Nebuchadnezzar had subdued Egypt, Ethiopia (Hebrew, Cush), and Saba (descended from Cush, , probably Meroe of Ethiopia, a great island formed by the Astaboras and the Nile, conquered by Cambyses, successor of Cyrus). Cyrus received these from God with the rest of the Babylonian dominions, in consideration of his being about to deliver Israel. However, the reference may be to the three years' war in which Sargon overcame these countries, and so had his attention diverted from Israel (see on Isaiah 43:2) [VITRINGA]. But the reference is probably more general, namely, to all the instances in which Jehovah sacrificed mighty heathen nations, when the safety of Israel required it.

4. Since—All along from the beginning; for there was never a time when Israel was not Jehovah's people. The apodosis should be at, "I will give." "Since ever thou wast precious in My sight, honorable, and that I loved thee, I will give," c. [MAURER]. GESENIUS, as English Version, takes "Since" to mean, "Inasmuch as." If the apodosis be as in English Version, "Since thou wast precious" will refer to the time when God called His people out of Egypt, manifesting then first the love which He had from everlasting towards them (Jeremiah 31:3 Hosea 11:1); "honorable" and "loved," refer to outward marks of honor and love from God.
men . . . people—other nations for thee (so Isaiah 43:3).
thy life—thy person.

5. ().
seed—descendants scattered in all lands. VITRINGA understands it of the spiritual "seed" of the Church produced by mystical regeneration: for the expression is, "bring," not "bring back." This sense is perhaps included, but not to the exclusion of the literal Israel's restoration (Jeremiah 30:10; Jeremiah 30:11; Amos 9:9; Zechariah 2:6-13).

6. Give up—namely, My people.
sons . . . daughters—The feminine joined to the masculine expresses the complete totality of anything (Zechariah 9:17).

7. called by my name—belong to Israel, whose people, as sons of God, bear the name of their Father (Isaiah 44:5; Isaiah 48:1).
for my glory— (Isaiah 43:21; Isaiah 29:23).

8. Solemn challenge given by God to the nations to argue with Him the question of His superiority to their idols, and His power to deliver Israel ().
blind people—the Gentiles, who also, like Israel (), are blind (spiritually), though having eyes; that is, natural faculties, whereby they might know God (Romans 1:20; Romans 1:21) [LOWTH]. Or else, the Jews [VITRINGA].

9. who . . . can declare this—who among the idolatrous soothsayers hath predicted this; that is, as to Cyrus being the deliverer of Israel?
former—predictions, as in Isaiah 42:9 [MAURER]. Or, things that shall first come to pass (see on Isaiah 42:9) [BARNES].
let them bring forth their witnesses—as I do mine (Isaiah 42:9).
justified—declared veracious in their pretended prophecies.
or—rather, "and"; let men hear their prediction and say, from the event, It is verified (see on Isaiah 43:4).

10. Ye—the Jews, to whom I have given predictions, verified by the event; and in delivering whom I have so often manifested My power (see Isaiah 43:3; Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 44:8).
and my servant—that is, the whole Jewish people (Isaiah 41:8).
believe—trust in.
formed—before I existed none of the false gods were formed. "Formed" applies to the idols, not to God. Revelation 1:11 uses the same language to prove the Godhead of Jesus, as Isaiah here to prove the Godhead of Jehovah.

11. Lord—Jehovah.
saviour—temporally, from Babylon: eternally, from sin and hell (Hosea 13:4; Acts 4:12). The same titles as are applied to God are applied to Jesus.

12. declared—predicted the future (Isaiah 41:22; Isaiah 41:23).
saved—the nation, in past times of danger.
showed—namely, that I was God.
when . . . no strange god, &c.—to whom the predictions uttered by Me could be assigned. "Strange" means foreign, introduced from abroad.

13. before—literally, from the time of the first existence of day.
let—Old English for "hinder" (Isaiah 14:27). Rather, translate, "undo it" [HORSLEY].

14. sent—namely, the Medes and Persians (Isaiah 10:5; Isaiah 10:6; Isaiah 13:3).
brought down—"made to go down" to the sea (Isaiah 13:3), in order to escape the impending destruction of Babylon.
nobles—rather, "fugitives," namely, the foreigners who sojourned in populous Babylon (Isaiah 13:14), distinct from the Chaldeans [MAURER].
whose cry is in the ships—exulting in their ships with the joyous sailors—cry, boastingly; their joy heretofore in their ships contrasts sadly with their present panic in fleeing to them (Isaiah 22:2; Zephaniah 2:15). Babylon was on the Euphrates, which was joined to the Tigris by a canal, and flowed into the Persian Gulf. Thus it was famed for ships and commerce until the Persian monarchs, to prevent revolt or invasion, obstructed navigation by dams across the Tigris and Euphrates.

15. creator of Israel— ().
your—proved to be specially yours by delivering you.

16, 17. Allusion to the deliverance of Israel and overthrow of Pharaoh in the Red Sea, the standing illustration of God's unchanging character towards His people (Exodus 14:21; Exodus 14:22; Exodus 14:27; Exodus 14:28).

17. the power—the might of the enemies host, every mighty warrior.
they shall lie down together—as Pharaoh's army sank "together" in a watery grave.

18. So wonderful shall be God's future interpositions in your behalf, that all past ones shall be forgotten in comparison. Plainly the future restoration of Israel is the event ultimately meant. Thus the "former things" are such events as the destruction of Sennacherib and the return from Babylon. "Things of old" are events still more ancient, the deliverance from Egypt and at the Red Sea, and entry into Canaan [VITRINGA].

19. new—unprecedented in its wonderful character (Isaiah 42:9).
spring forth—as a germinating herb: a beautiful image of the silent but certain gradual growth of events in God's providence (Isaiah 42:9).
way in . . . wilderness—just as Israel in the wilderness, between the Red Sea and Canaan, was guided, and supplied with water by Jehovah; but the "new" deliverance shall be attended with manifestations of God's power and love, eclipsing the old (compare Isaiah 42:9). "I will open a way, not merely in the Red Sea, but in the wilderness of the whole world; and not merely one river shall gush out of the rock, but many, which shall refresh, not the bodies as formerly, but the souls of the thirsty, so that the prophecy shall be fulfilled: 'With joy shall ye draw water out of the wells of salvation'" [JEROME]. "A way" often stands for the true religion (Acts 9:2; Acts 18:26). "Rivers" express the influences of the Holy Spirit (Acts 18:26). Israel's literal restoration hereafter is included, as appears by comparing Isaiah 11:15; Isaiah 11:16.

20. beast—image of idolaters, defiled with blood and pollutions, dwelling like dragons, &c., in the wastes of Gentile ignorance: even they shall be converted. Or else, literally, such copious floods of water shall be given by God in the desert, that the very beasts shall (in poetic language) praise the Lord (Psalms 148:10) [JEROME].
dragons—"serpents," or else jackals (see on Isaiah 43:1).
owls—rather, "ostriches."

21. This people—namely, The same as "My people, My chosen" (see Isaiah 43:1; Isaiah 43:7; Psalms 102:18).
my praise—on account of the many and great benefits conferred on them, especially their restoration.

22. But—Israel, however, is not to think that these divine favors are due to their own piety towards God. So the believer ().
but—rather, "for."
weary of me— (Amos 8:5; Amos 8:6; Malachi 1:13), though "I have not wearied thee" (Malachi 1:13), yet "thou hast been weary of Me."

23. small cattle—rather, the "lamb" or "kid," required by the law to be daily offered to God (Exodus 29:38; Numbers 28:3).
sacrifices—offered any way; whereas the Hebrew for "holocaust," or "burnt offering," denotes that which ascends as an offering consumed by fire.
I have not caused thee to serve—that is, to render the the service of a slave (Matthew 11:30; Romans 8:15; 1 John 4:18; 1 John 5:3).
offering—bloodless (Leviticus 2:1; Leviticus 2:2).
wearied—antithetical to Isaiah 43:22, "Thou hast been weary of Me." Though God in the law required such offerings, yet not so as to "weary" the worshipper, or to exact them in cases where, as in the Babylonish captivity, they were physically unable to render them; God did not require them, save in subordination to the higher moral duties (Psalms 50:8-14; Psalms 51:16; Psalms 51:17; Micah 6:3; Micah 6:6-8).

24. bought—for "sweet cane" (aromatic calamus) was not indigenous to Palestine, but had to be bought from foreign countries (). It was used among the Hebrews to make the sacred ointment (Exodus 30:23). It is often offered as a mark of hospitality.
filled—satiated (Exodus 30:23). God deigns to use human language to adapt Himself to human modes of thought.
made me to serve—though "I have not caused thee to serve" (Exodus 30:23). Our sin made the Son of God to become "a servant." He served to save us from servile bondage (Philippians 2:7; Hebrews 2:14; Hebrews 2:15).
wearied me—Though I have "not wearied thee" (Hebrews 2:15; see Isaiah 1:14).

25. I, even I—the God against whom your sin is committed, and who alone can and will pardon. ().
for mine own sake— (Isaiah 48:9; Isaiah 48:11). How abominable a thing sin is, since it is against such a God of grace! "Blotted out" is an image from an account-book, in which, when a debt is paid, the charge is cancelled or blotted out.
not remember . . . sins— (Jeremiah 31:34). When God forgives, He forgets; that is, treats the sinner as if He had forgotten his sins.

26. Put me in remembrance—Remind Me of every plea which thou hast to urge before Me in thy defense. Image from a trial (Isaiah 1:18; Isaiah 41:1). Our strongest plea is to remind God of His own promises. So Jacob did at Mahanaim and Peniel (Genesis 32:9; Genesis 32:12). God, then, instead of "pleading against us with His great power," "will put His strength" in us (Genesis 32:12); we thus become "the Lord's remembrancers" (Isaiah 62:6, Margin). "Declare God's righteousness" vindicated in Jesus Christ "that thou mayest be justified" (Isaiah 62:6; compare Isaiah 20:1-6; Psalms 143:2).

27. first father—collectively for "most ancient ancestors," as the parallelism ("teachers") proves [MAURER]. Or, thy chief religious ministers or priests [GESENIUS]. Adam, the common father of all nations, can hardly be meant here, as it would have been irrelevant to mention his sin in an address to the Jews specially. Abraham is equally out of place here, as he is everywhere cited as an example of faithfulness, not of "sin." However, taking the passage in its ultimate application to the Church at large, Adam may be meant.
teachers—literally, "interpreters" between God and man, the priests (Job 33:23; Malachi 2:7).

28. profaned the princes— (Psalms 89:39; Lamentations 2:2; Lamentations 2:6; Lamentations 2:7). I have esteemed, or treated, them as persons not sacred. I have left them to suffer the same treatment as the common people, stripped of their holy office and in captivity.
princes of the sanctuary—"governors of" it (Lamentations 2:7); directing its holy services; priests.
curse—Hebrew, cherim, a "solemn anathema," or "excommunication."
reproaches— (Psalms 123:3; Psalms 123:4).