CHAPTER 36
. JEHOAHAZ,
SUCCEEDING, IS
DEPOSED BY PHARAOH.
1. the people of the land took
Jehoahaz—Immediately after Josiah's overthrow and death, the
people raised to the throne Shallum (), afterwards called Jehoahaz, in preference to his older
brother Eliakim, from whom they expected little good. Jehoahaz is
said (2 Kings 23:30) to have
received at Jerusalem the royal anointing—a ceremony not usually
deemed necessary, in circumstances of regular and undisputed
succession. But, in the case of Jehoahaz, it seems to have been
resorted to in order to impart greater validity to the act of popular
election; and, it may be, to render it less likely to be disturbed by
Necho, who, like all Egyptians, would associate the idea of sanctity
with the regal anointing. He was the youngest son of Josiah, but the
popular favorite, probably on account of his martial spirit (2 Kings 23:30) and determined opposition to the aggressive views of Egypt.
At his accession the land was free from idolatry; but this prince,
instead of following the footsteps of his excellent father, adopted
the criminal policy of his apostatizing predecessors. Through his
influence, directly or indirectly used, idolatry rapidly increased
(see 2 Kings 23:32).
2. he reigned three months in
Jerusalem—His possession of sovereign power was of but very
brief duration; for Necho determined to follow up the advantage he
had gained in Judah; and, deeming it expedient to have a king of his
own nomination on the throne of that country, he deposed the
popularly elected monarch and placed his brother Eliakim or Jehoiakim
on the throne, whom he anticipated to be a mere obsequious vassal.
The course of events seems to have been this: on receiving
intelligence after the battle of the accession of Jehoahaz to the
throne, and perhaps also in consequence of the complaint which
Eliakim brought before him in regard to this matter, Necho set out
with a part of his forces to Jerusalem, while the remainder of his
troops pursued their way at leisure towards Riblah, laid a tribute on
the country, raised Eliakim (Jehoiakim) as his vassal to the throne,
and on his departure brought Jehoahaz captive with him to Riblah. The
old expositors mostly assumed that Necho, after the battle of
Megiddo, marched directly against Carchemish, and then on his return
came to Jerusalem. The improbability, indeed the impossibility, of
his doing so appears from this: Carchemish was from four hundred to
five hundred miles from Megiddo, so that within "three months"
an army could not possibly make its way thither, conquer the fenced
city of Carchemish, and then march back a still greater distance to
Jerusalem, and take that city [KEIL].
3. an hundred talents of
silver—£3418 15s.
and a talent of gold—£5475;
total amount of tribute, £8893 15s.
5. Jehoiakim . . . did that which
was evil in the sight of the Lord—He followed the course of his
idolatrous predecessors; and the people, to a great extent,
disinclined to the reforming policy of his father, eagerly availed
themselves of the vicious license which his lax administration
restored. His character is portrayed with a masterly hand in the
prophecy of Jeremiah (). As the deputy of the king of Egypt, he departed
further than his predecessor from the principles of Josiah's
government; and, in trying to meet the insatiable cupidity of his
master by grinding exactions from his subjects, he recklessly plunged
into all evil.
6. Against him came up
Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon—This refers to the first
expedition of Nebuchadnezzar against Palestine, in the lifetime of
his father Nabopolassar, who, being old and infirm, adopted his son
as joint sovereign and despatched him, with the command of his army,
against the Egyptian invaders of his empire. Nebuchadnezzar defeated
them at Carchemish, drove them out of Asia, and reduced all the
provinces west of the Euphrates to obedience—among the rest the
kingdom of Jehoiakim, who became a vassal of the Assyrian empire (). Jehoiakim at the end of three years threw off the yoke,
being probably instigated to revolt by the solicitations of the king
of Egypt, who planned a new expedition against Carchemish. But he was
completely vanquished by the Babylonian king, who stripped him of all
his possessions between the Euphrates and the Nile (). Then marching against the Egyptian's ally in Judah, he
took Jerusalem, carried away a portion of the sacred vessels of the
temple, perhaps in lieu of the unpaid tribute, and deposited them in
the temple of his god, Belus, at Babylon (Daniel 1:2;
Daniel 5:2). Though Jehoiakim had
been taken prisoner (and it was designed at first to transport him in
chains to Babylon), he was allowed to remain in his tributary
kingdom. But having given not long after some new offense, Jerusalem
was besieged by a host of Assyrian dependents. In a sally against
them Jehoiakim was killed (see on Daniel 5:2; also Jeremiah 22:18;
Jeremiah 22:19; Jeremiah 36:30).
9, 10. Jehoiachin was eight years
old—called also Jeconiah or Coniah () —"eight" should have been "eighteen,"
as appears from 2 Kings 24:8, and
also from the full development of his ungodly principles and habits
(see Ezekiel 19:5-7). His
reign being of so short duration cannot be considered at variance
with the prophetic denunciation against his father (Ezekiel 19:5-26). But his appointment by the people gave umbrage to
Nebuchadnezzar, who, "when the year was expired" (Ezekiel 19:5-26) —that is, in the spring when campaigns usually
began—came in person against Jerusalem, captured the city, and sent
Jehoiachin in chains to Babylon, removing at the same time all the
nobles and most skilful artisans, and pillaging all the remaining
treasures both of the temple and palace (see on Ezekiel 19:5-26).
Ezekiel 19:5-26. ZEDEKIAH'S
REIGN.
13. who had made him swear by
God—Zedekiah received his crown on the express condition of
taking a solemn oath of fealty to the king of Babylon (); so that his revolt by joining in a league with
Pharaoh-hophra, king of Egypt, involved the crime of perjury. His own
pride and obdurate impiety, the incurable idolatry of the nation, and
their reckless disregard of prophetic warnings, brought down on his
already sadly reduced kingdom the long threatened judgments of God.
Nebuchadnezzar, the executioner of the divine vengeance, commenced a
third siege of Jerusalem, which, after holding out for a year and a
half, was taken in the eleventh year of the reign of Zedekiah. It
resulted in the burning of the temple, with, most probably, the ark,
and in the overthrow of the kingdom of Judah (see on ; ; ).
21. until the land had enjoyed her
sabbaths—The return of every seventh was to be held as a
sabbatic year, a season of rest to all classes, even to the land
itself, which was to be fallow. This divine institution, however, was
neglected—how soon and how long, appears from the prophecy of Moses
(see on ), and of Jeremiah
in this passage (see ), which told that for divine retribution it was now to
remain desolate seventy years. As the Assyrian conquerors usually
colonized their conquered provinces, so remarkable a deviation in
Palestine from their customary policy must be ascribed to the
overruling providence of God.
2 Chronicles 36:22;
2 Chronicles 36:23. CYRUS'
PROCLAMATION.
22. the Lord stirred up the spirit
of Cyrus—(See on ).
CHAPTER 36
. JEHOAHAZ, SUCCEEDING, IS DEPOSED BY PHARAOH.
1. the people of the land took Jehoahaz—Immediately after Josiah's overthrow and death, the people raised to the throne Shallum (), afterwards called Jehoahaz, in preference to his older brother Eliakim, from whom they expected little good. Jehoahaz is said (2 Kings 23:30) to have received at Jerusalem the royal anointing—a ceremony not usually deemed necessary, in circumstances of regular and undisputed succession. But, in the case of Jehoahaz, it seems to have been resorted to in order to impart greater validity to the act of popular election; and, it may be, to render it less likely to be disturbed by Necho, who, like all Egyptians, would associate the idea of sanctity with the regal anointing. He was the youngest son of Josiah, but the popular favorite, probably on account of his martial spirit (2 Kings 23:30) and determined opposition to the aggressive views of Egypt. At his accession the land was free from idolatry; but this prince, instead of following the footsteps of his excellent father, adopted the criminal policy of his apostatizing predecessors. Through his influence, directly or indirectly used, idolatry rapidly increased (see 2 Kings 23:32).
2. he reigned three months in Jerusalem—His possession of sovereign power was of but very brief duration; for Necho determined to follow up the advantage he had gained in Judah; and, deeming it expedient to have a king of his own nomination on the throne of that country, he deposed the popularly elected monarch and placed his brother Eliakim or Jehoiakim on the throne, whom he anticipated to be a mere obsequious vassal. The course of events seems to have been this: on receiving intelligence after the battle of the accession of Jehoahaz to the throne, and perhaps also in consequence of the complaint which Eliakim brought before him in regard to this matter, Necho set out with a part of his forces to Jerusalem, while the remainder of his troops pursued their way at leisure towards Riblah, laid a tribute on the country, raised Eliakim (Jehoiakim) as his vassal to the throne, and on his departure brought Jehoahaz captive with him to Riblah. The old expositors mostly assumed that Necho, after the battle of Megiddo, marched directly against Carchemish, and then on his return came to Jerusalem. The improbability, indeed the impossibility, of his doing so appears from this: Carchemish was from four hundred to five hundred miles from Megiddo, so that within "three months" an army could not possibly make its way thither, conquer the fenced city of Carchemish, and then march back a still greater distance to Jerusalem, and take that city [KEIL].
3. an hundred talents of silver—£3418 15s.
and a talent of gold—£5475; total amount of tribute, £8893 15s.
4. carried him—Jehoahaz.
to Egypt—There he died (Jeremiah 22:10-12).
Jeremiah 22:10-24. JEHOIAKIM, REIGNING ILL, IS CARRIED INTO BABYLON.
5. Jehoiakim . . . did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord—He followed the course of his idolatrous predecessors; and the people, to a great extent, disinclined to the reforming policy of his father, eagerly availed themselves of the vicious license which his lax administration restored. His character is portrayed with a masterly hand in the prophecy of Jeremiah (). As the deputy of the king of Egypt, he departed further than his predecessor from the principles of Josiah's government; and, in trying to meet the insatiable cupidity of his master by grinding exactions from his subjects, he recklessly plunged into all evil.
6. Against him came up Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon—This refers to the first expedition of Nebuchadnezzar against Palestine, in the lifetime of his father Nabopolassar, who, being old and infirm, adopted his son as joint sovereign and despatched him, with the command of his army, against the Egyptian invaders of his empire. Nebuchadnezzar defeated them at Carchemish, drove them out of Asia, and reduced all the provinces west of the Euphrates to obedience—among the rest the kingdom of Jehoiakim, who became a vassal of the Assyrian empire (). Jehoiakim at the end of three years threw off the yoke, being probably instigated to revolt by the solicitations of the king of Egypt, who planned a new expedition against Carchemish. But he was completely vanquished by the Babylonian king, who stripped him of all his possessions between the Euphrates and the Nile (). Then marching against the Egyptian's ally in Judah, he took Jerusalem, carried away a portion of the sacred vessels of the temple, perhaps in lieu of the unpaid tribute, and deposited them in the temple of his god, Belus, at Babylon (Daniel 1:2; Daniel 5:2). Though Jehoiakim had been taken prisoner (and it was designed at first to transport him in chains to Babylon), he was allowed to remain in his tributary kingdom. But having given not long after some new offense, Jerusalem was besieged by a host of Assyrian dependents. In a sally against them Jehoiakim was killed (see on Daniel 5:2; also Jeremiah 22:18; Jeremiah 22:19; Jeremiah 36:30).
9, 10. Jehoiachin was eight years old—called also Jeconiah or Coniah () —"eight" should have been "eighteen," as appears from 2 Kings 24:8, and also from the full development of his ungodly principles and habits (see Ezekiel 19:5-7). His reign being of so short duration cannot be considered at variance with the prophetic denunciation against his father (Ezekiel 19:5-26). But his appointment by the people gave umbrage to Nebuchadnezzar, who, "when the year was expired" (Ezekiel 19:5-26) —that is, in the spring when campaigns usually began—came in person against Jerusalem, captured the city, and sent Jehoiachin in chains to Babylon, removing at the same time all the nobles and most skilful artisans, and pillaging all the remaining treasures both of the temple and palace (see on Ezekiel 19:5-26).
Ezekiel 19:5-26. ZEDEKIAH'S REIGN.
11. Zedekiah—Nebuchadnezzar appointed him. His name, originally Mattaniah, was, according to the custom of Oriental conquerors, changed into Zedekiah. Though the son of Josiah (1 Chronicles 3:15; Jeremiah 1:2; Jeremiah 1:3; Jeremiah 37:1), he is called the brother of Jehoiachin (Jeremiah 37:1), that is, according to the latitude of Hebrew style in words expressing affinity, his relative or kinsman (see 2 Kings 24:18; 2 Kings 25:1-21).
13. who had made him swear by God—Zedekiah received his crown on the express condition of taking a solemn oath of fealty to the king of Babylon (); so that his revolt by joining in a league with Pharaoh-hophra, king of Egypt, involved the crime of perjury. His own pride and obdurate impiety, the incurable idolatry of the nation, and their reckless disregard of prophetic warnings, brought down on his already sadly reduced kingdom the long threatened judgments of God. Nebuchadnezzar, the executioner of the divine vengeance, commenced a third siege of Jerusalem, which, after holding out for a year and a half, was taken in the eleventh year of the reign of Zedekiah. It resulted in the burning of the temple, with, most probably, the ark, and in the overthrow of the kingdom of Judah (see on ; ; ).
21. until the land had enjoyed her sabbaths—The return of every seventh was to be held as a sabbatic year, a season of rest to all classes, even to the land itself, which was to be fallow. This divine institution, however, was neglected—how soon and how long, appears from the prophecy of Moses (see on ), and of Jeremiah in this passage (see ), which told that for divine retribution it was now to remain desolate seventy years. As the Assyrian conquerors usually colonized their conquered provinces, so remarkable a deviation in Palestine from their customary policy must be ascribed to the overruling providence of God.
2 Chronicles 36:22; 2 Chronicles 36:23. CYRUS' PROCLAMATION.
22. the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus—(See on ).