CHAPTER 19
. OF THE CITIES
OF REFUGE.
2. Thou shalt separate three cities
for thee in the midst of thy land—Goelism, or the duty of the
nearest kinsmen to avenge the death of a slaughtered relative, being
the customary law of that age (as it still is among the Arabs and
other people of the East), Moses incorporated it in an improved form
with his legislative code. For the protection of the unintentional
homicide, he provided certain cities of refuge—three had been
destined for this purpose on the east of Jordan (Deuteronomy 4:41;
Numbers 35:11); three were to be
invested with the same privilege on the west of that river when
Canaan should be conquered.
in the midst of thy land—in
such a position that they would be conspicuous and accessible, and
equidistant from the extremities of the land and from each other.
3. Thou shalt prepare thee a way—The
roads leading to them were to be kept in good condition and the
brooks or rivers to be spanned by good bridges; the width of the
roads was to be thirty-two cubits; and at all the crossroads
signposts were to be erected with the words, Mekeleth, Mekeleth,
"refuge, refuge," painted on them.
divide the coasts of thy land
. . . into three parts—the whole extent of the country from the
south to the north. The three cities on each side of Jordan were
opposite to each other, "as two rows of vines in a vineyard"
(see on ).
6, 7. Lest the avenger of the blood
pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot—This verse is a
continuation of Deuteronomy 19:3 (for
Deuteronomy 19:4; Deuteronomy 19:5,
which are explanatory, are in a parenthetical form), and the meaning
is that if the kinsman of a person inadvertently killed should, under
the impulse of sudden excitement and without inquiring into the
circumstances, inflict summary vengeance on the homicide, however
guiltless, the law tolerated such an act; it was to pass with
impunity. But to prevent such precipitate measures, the cities of
refuge were established for the reception of the homicide, that
"innocent blood might not be shed in thy land" (Deuteronomy 19:5). In the case of premeditated murder (Deuteronomy 19:11;
Deuteronomy 19:12), they afforded no
immunity; but, if it were only manslaughter, the moment the fugitive
was within the gates, he found himself in a safe asylum (Numbers 35:26-28;
Joshua 20:6).
8, 9. And if the Lord thy God
enlarge thy coast—Three additional sanctuaries were to be
established in the event of their territory extending over the
country from Hermon and Gilead to the Euphrates (see Genesis 15:18;
Exodus 23:31). But it was obscurely
hinted that this last provision would never be carried into effect,
as the Israelites would not fulfil the conditions, namely, "that
of keeping the commandments, to love the Lord, and walk ever in his
ways." In point of fact, although that region was brought into
subjection by David and Solomon, we do not find that cities of refuge
were established; because those sovereigns only made the ancient
inhabitants tributary, instead of sending a colony of Israelites to
possess it. The privilege of sanctuary cities, however, was given
only for Israelites; and besides, that conquered territory did not
remain long under the power of the Hebrew kings.
Exodus 23:31. THE LANDMARK
IS NOT
TO BE REMOVED.
14. Thou shalt not remove thy
neighbour's landmark, which they of old have set in thine
inheritance—The state of Palestine in regard to enclosures is
very much the same now as it has always been. Though gardens and
vineyards are surrounded by dry-stone walls or hedges of prickly
pear, the boundaries of arable fields are marked by nothing but by a
little trench, a small cairn, or a single erect stone, placed at
certain intervals. It is manifest that a dishonest person could
easily fill the gutter with earth, or remove these stones a few feet
without much risk of detection and so enlarge his own field by a
stealthy encroachment on his neighbor's. This law, then, was made to
prevent such trespasses.
. TWO WITNESSES
REQUIRED.
15. One witness shall not rise up
against a man for any iniquity—The following rules to regulate
the admission of testimony in public courts are founded on the
principles of natural justice. A single witness shall not be admitted
to the condemnation of an accused person.
. PUNISHMENT OF A
FALSE WITNESS.
16-21. But if convicted of
perjury, it will be sufficient for his own condemnation, and his
punishment shall be exactly the same as would have overtaken the
object of his malignant prosecution. (See on ; see also Leviticus 24:20).
CHAPTER 19
. OF THE CITIES OF REFUGE.
2. Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land—Goelism, or the duty of the nearest kinsmen to avenge the death of a slaughtered relative, being the customary law of that age (as it still is among the Arabs and other people of the East), Moses incorporated it in an improved form with his legislative code. For the protection of the unintentional homicide, he provided certain cities of refuge—three had been destined for this purpose on the east of Jordan (Deuteronomy 4:41; Numbers 35:11); three were to be invested with the same privilege on the west of that river when Canaan should be conquered.
in the midst of thy land—in such a position that they would be conspicuous and accessible, and equidistant from the extremities of the land and from each other.
3. Thou shalt prepare thee a way—The roads leading to them were to be kept in good condition and the brooks or rivers to be spanned by good bridges; the width of the roads was to be thirty-two cubits; and at all the crossroads signposts were to be erected with the words, Mekeleth, Mekeleth, "refuge, refuge," painted on them.
divide the coasts of thy land . . . into three parts—the whole extent of the country from the south to the north. The three cities on each side of Jordan were opposite to each other, "as two rows of vines in a vineyard" (see on ).
6, 7. Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot—This verse is a continuation of Deuteronomy 19:3 (for Deuteronomy 19:4; Deuteronomy 19:5, which are explanatory, are in a parenthetical form), and the meaning is that if the kinsman of a person inadvertently killed should, under the impulse of sudden excitement and without inquiring into the circumstances, inflict summary vengeance on the homicide, however guiltless, the law tolerated such an act; it was to pass with impunity. But to prevent such precipitate measures, the cities of refuge were established for the reception of the homicide, that "innocent blood might not be shed in thy land" (Deuteronomy 19:5). In the case of premeditated murder (Deuteronomy 19:11; Deuteronomy 19:12), they afforded no immunity; but, if it were only manslaughter, the moment the fugitive was within the gates, he found himself in a safe asylum (Numbers 35:26-28; Joshua 20:6).
8, 9. And if the Lord thy God enlarge thy coast—Three additional sanctuaries were to be established in the event of their territory extending over the country from Hermon and Gilead to the Euphrates (see Genesis 15:18; Exodus 23:31). But it was obscurely hinted that this last provision would never be carried into effect, as the Israelites would not fulfil the conditions, namely, "that of keeping the commandments, to love the Lord, and walk ever in his ways." In point of fact, although that region was brought into subjection by David and Solomon, we do not find that cities of refuge were established; because those sovereigns only made the ancient inhabitants tributary, instead of sending a colony of Israelites to possess it. The privilege of sanctuary cities, however, was given only for Israelites; and besides, that conquered territory did not remain long under the power of the Hebrew kings.
Exodus 23:31. THE LANDMARK IS NOT TO BE REMOVED.
14. Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old have set in thine inheritance—The state of Palestine in regard to enclosures is very much the same now as it has always been. Though gardens and vineyards are surrounded by dry-stone walls or hedges of prickly pear, the boundaries of arable fields are marked by nothing but by a little trench, a small cairn, or a single erect stone, placed at certain intervals. It is manifest that a dishonest person could easily fill the gutter with earth, or remove these stones a few feet without much risk of detection and so enlarge his own field by a stealthy encroachment on his neighbor's. This law, then, was made to prevent such trespasses.
. TWO WITNESSES REQUIRED.
15. One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity—The following rules to regulate the admission of testimony in public courts are founded on the principles of natural justice. A single witness shall not be admitted to the condemnation of an accused person.
. PUNISHMENT OF A FALSE WITNESS.
16-21. But if convicted of perjury, it will be sufficient for his own condemnation, and his punishment shall be exactly the same as would have overtaken the object of his malignant prosecution. (See on ; see also Leviticus 24:20).