CHAPTER 3
. REPETITION OF
NINEVEH'S DOOM,
WITH NEW FEATURES;
THE CAUSE IS
HER TYRANNY,
RAPINE, AND CRUELTY:
NO-AMMON'S FORTIFICATIONS
DID NOT
SAVE HER;
IT IS
VAIN, THEREFORE,
FOR NINEVEH TO
THINK HER
DEFENSES WILL
SECURE HER
AGAINST GOD'S
SENTENCE.
1. the bloody city!—literally,
"city of blood," namely, shed by Nineveh; just so now her
own blood is to be shed.
robbery—violence
[MAURER]. Extortion
[GROTIUS].
the prey departeth
not—Nineveh never ceases to live by rapine. Or, the Hebrew
verb is transitive, "she (Nineveh) does not make the prey
depart"; she ceases not to plunder.
2. The reader is transported
into the midst of the fight (compare ). The "noise of the whips" urging on the horses
(in the chariots) is heard, and of "the rattling of the wheels"
of war chariots, and the "horses" are seen "prancing,"
and the "chariots jumping," &c.
3. horseman—distinct from "the
horses" (in the chariots, ).
lifteth up—denoting
readiness for fight [EWALD].
GESENIUS translates,
"lifteth up (literally, 'makes to ascend') his horse."
Similarly MAURER, "makes
his horse to rise up on his hind feet." Vulgate
translates, "ascending," that is, making his horse to
advance up to the assault. This last is perhaps better than English
Version.
the bright sword and the
glittering spear—literally, "the glitter of the sword and
the flash of the spear!" This, as well as the translation, "the
horseman advancing up," more graphically presents the battle
scene to the eye.
they stumble upon their
corpses—The Medo-Babylonian enemy stumble upon the
Assyrian corpses.
4. Because of the multitude of the
whoredoms—This assigns the reason for Nineveh's destruction.
of the well-favoured
harlot—As Assyria was not a worshipper of the true God,
"whoredoms" cannot mean, as in the case of Israel, apostasy
to the worship of false gods; but, her harlot-like artifices
whereby she allured neighboring states so as to subject them to
herself. As the unwary are allured by the "well-favored
harlot's" looks, so Israel, Judah (for example, under Ahaz, who,
calling to his aid Tiglath-pileser, was made tributary by him, ), and other nations, were tempted by the plausible
professions of Assyria, and by the lure of commerce (Revelation 18:2;
Revelation 18:3), to trust her.
witchcrafts— (Isaiah 47:9;
Isaiah 47:12). Alluding to the love
incantations whereby harlots tried to dement and ensnare youths;
answering to the subtle machinations whereby Assyria attracted
nations to her.
selleth—deprives of
their liberty; as slaves used to be sold: and in other
property also sale was a usual mode of transfer. MAURER
understands it of depriving nations of their freedom, and literally
selling them as slaves to distant peoples (Joel 3:2;
Joel 3:3; Joel 3:6-8).
But elsewhere there is no evidence that the Assyrians did this.
families—peoples.
5. I will discover thy skirts upon
thy face—that is, discover thy nakedness by throwing up thy
skirts upon thy face (the greatest possible insult), pulling them
up as as high as thy head (Jeremiah 13:22;
Ezekiel 16:37-41). I will treat
thee not as a matron, but as a harlot whose shame is exposed; her
gaudy finery being lifted up off her (Isaiah 47:2;
Isaiah 47:3). So Nineveh shall be
stripped of all her glory and defenses on which she prides herself.
6. cast abominable filth upon
thee—as infamous harlots used to be treated.
gazing stock—exposed to
public ignominy as a warning to others ().
7. all . . . that look upon
thee—when thou hast been made "a gazing stock" ().
shall flee from thee—as
a thing horrible to look upon. Compare "standing afar off,"
Revelation 18:10.
whence shall I seek
comforters for thee?—Compare Revelation 18:10, which Nahum had before his mind.
8. populous No—rather, as
Hebrew, "No-ammon," the Egyptian name for Thebes in
Upper Egypt; meaning the portion or possession of Ammon,
the Egyptian Jupiter (whence the Greeks called the city Diospolis),
who was especially worshipped there. The Egyptian inscriptions call
the god Amon-re, that is, Amon the Sun; he is
represented as a human figure with a ram's head, seated on a chair
(Jeremiah 46:25; Ezekiel 30:14-16).
The blow inflicted on No-ammon, described in Ezekiel 30:14-26, was probably by the Assyrian Sargon (see on Ezekiel 30:14-26; Ezekiel 30:14-26). As Thebes, with
all her resources, was overcome by Assyria, so Assyrian Nineveh,
notwithstanding all her might, in her turn, shall be overcome by
Babylon. English Version, "populous," if correct,
implies that No's large population did not save her from destruction.
situate among the
rivers—probably the channels into which the Nile here
divides (compare Ezekiel 30:14-26). Thebes lay on both sides of the river. It was famed in
HOMER'S time for its
hundred gates [Iliad, 9.381]. Its ruins still describe a
circumference of twenty-seven miles. Of them the temples of Luxor and
Karnak, east of the river, are most famous. The colonnade of the
former, and the grand hall of the latter, are of stupendous
dimensions. One wall still represents the expedition of Shishak
against Jerusalem under Rehoboam (1 Kings 14:25;
2 Chronicles 12:2-9).
whose . . . wall was from the
sea—that is, rose up "from the sea." MAURER
translates, "whose wall consisted of the sea." But
this would be a mere repetition of the former clause. The Nile is
called a sea, from its appearance in the annual flood (2 Chronicles 12:2-14).
9. Ethiopia—Hebrew, Cush.
Ethiopia is thought at this time to have been mistress of Upper
Egypt.
Egypt—Lower Egypt.
her strength—her
safeguard as an ally.
it was infinite—The
resources of these, her allies, were endless.
Put—or Phut (); descended from Ham (). From a root meaning a bow; as they were famed as
archers [GESENIUS].
Probably west of Lower Egypt. JOSEPHUS
[Antiquities, 1:6.2] identifies it with Mauritania (compare
Jeremiah 46:9, Margin; Jeremiah 46:9).
Lubim—the Libyans,
whose capital was Cyrene; extending along the Mediterranean west of
Egypt (2 Chronicles 12:3; 2 Chronicles 16:8;
Acts 2:10). As, however, the Lubim
are always connected with the Egyptians and Ethiopians, they are
perhaps distinct from the Libyans. The Lubim were probably at
first wandering tribes, who afterwards were settled under Carthage in
the region of Cyrene, under the name Libyans.
thy—No's.
helpers—literally, "in
thy help," that is, among thy auxiliaries.
10. Notwithstanding all her
might, she was overcome.
cast lots for her honourable
men—They divided them among themselves by lot, as slaves ().
11. drunken—made to drink of
the cup of Jehovah's wrath (Isaiah 51:17;
Isaiah 51:21; Jeremiah 25:15).
hid—covered out of
sight: a prediction remarkably verified in the state in which the
ruins of Nineveh have been found [G. V. SMITH].
But as "hid" precedes "seek strength," c., it
rather refers to Nineveh's state when attacked by her foe: "Thou
who now so vauntest thyself, shalt be compelled to seek a
hiding-place from the foe" [CALVIN]
or, shalt be neglected and slighted by all [MAURER].
seek strength because of the
enemy—Thou too, like Thebes (Jeremiah 25:15), shalt have recourse to other nations for help against thy
Medo-Babylonian enemy.
12. thy strongholds—on the
borders of Assyria, protecting the approaches to Nineveh: "the
gates of thy land" (Nahum 3:13).
fig trees with the first ripe
figs—expressing the rapidity and ease of the capture of Nineveh
(compare Isaiah 28:4; Revelation 6:13).
13. thy people—thy soldiers.
women—unable to fight
for thee (Isaiah 19:16; Jeremiah 50:37;
Jeremiah 51:30).
gates on thy land—the
fortified passes or entrances to the region of Nineveh (compare Jeremiah 51:30). Northeast of Nineveh there were hills affording a natural
barrier against an invader; the guarded passes through these are
probably "the gates of the land" meant.
fire shall devour thy
bars—the "bars" of the fortresses at the passes into
Assyria. So in Assyrian remains the Assyrians themselves are
represented as setting fire to the gates of a city [BONOMI,
Nineveh, pp. 194, 197].
14. Ironical exhortation to
Nineveh to defend herself.
Draw . . . waters—so as
not to be without water for drinking, in the event of being cut off
by the besiegers from the fountains.
make strong the brick-kiln—or
"repair" [MAURER];
so as to have a supply of bricks formed of kiln-burnt clay, to repair
breaches in the ramparts, or to build new fortifications inside when
the outer ones are taken by the foe.
15. There—in the very scene of
thy great preparations for defense; and where thou now art so secure.
fire—even as at the
former destruction; Sardanapalus (Pul?) perished with all his
household in the conflagration of his palace, having in despair set
it on fire, the traces of which are still remaining.
cankerworm—"the
licking locust" [HENDERSON].
make thyself many as the
locusts—"the swarming locusts" [HENDERSON];
that is, however "many" be thy forces, like those of "the
swarming locusts," or the "licking locusts," yet the
foe shall consume thee as the "licking locust" licks up all
before it.
16. multiplied thy merchants—
(Ezekiel 27:23; Ezekiel 27:24).
Nineveh, by large canals, had easy access to Babylon; and it was one
of the great routes for the people of the west and northwest to that
city; lying on the Tigris it had access to the sea. The
Phoelignicians carried its wares everywhere. Hence its merchandise is
so much spoken of.
the cankerworm spoileth, and
fleeth away—that is, spoiled thy merchants. The
"cankerworm," or licking locust, answers to the
Medo-Babylonian invaders of Nineveh [G. V. SMITH].
CALVIN explains less
probably, "Thy merchants spoiled many regions; but the same
shall befall them as befalls locusts, they in a moment shall be
scattered and flee away." MAURER,
somewhat similarly, "The licking locust puts off (the envelope
in which his wings had been folded), and teeth away" (Ezekiel 27:24; compare Joel 1:4). The
Hebrew has ten different names for the locust, so destructive
was it.
17. Thy crowned—Thy princes
(Revelation 9:7). The king's nobles and
officers wore the tiara, as well as the king; hence they are called
here "thy crowned ones."
as the locusts—as many
as the swarming locusts.
thy captains—Tiphsar,
an Assyrian word; found also in Revelation 9:7, meaning satraps [MICHAELIS];
or rather, "military leaders" [MAURER].
The last syllable, sar means a "prince," and is
found in Belshaz-zar, Nabopolas-sar, Nebuchadnez-zar.
as the great
grasshoppers—literally, "as the locust of locusts,"
that is, the largest locust. MAURER
translates, "as many as locusts upon locusts," that
is, swarms of locusts. Hebrew idiom favors English Version.
in the hedges in the
cold—Cold deprives the locust of the power of flight; so they
alight in cold weather and at night, but when warmed by the sun soon
"flee away." So shall the Assyrian multitudes suddenly
disappear, not leaving a trace behind (compare PLINY,
Natural History, 11.29).
18. Thy shepherds—that is, Thy
leaders.
slumber—are carelessly
secure [MAURER]. Rather,
"lie in death's sleep, having been slain" [JEROME]
(Exodus 15:16; Psalms 76:6).
shall dwell in the
dust — (Psalms 7:5;
Psalms 94:17).
thy people is scattered—the
necessary consequence of their leaders being laid low (Psalms 94:17).
19. bruit—the report.
clap the hands—with joy
at thy fall. The sole descendants of the ancient Assyrians and
Babylonians in the whole country are the Nestorian Christians, who
speak a Chaldean language [LAYARD].
upon whom hath not thy
wickedness passed continually?—implying God's long forbearance,
and the consequent enormity of Assyria's guilt, rendering her case
one that admitted no hope of restoration.
CHAPTER 3
. REPETITION OF NINEVEH'S DOOM, WITH NEW FEATURES; THE CAUSE IS HER TYRANNY, RAPINE, AND CRUELTY: NO-AMMON'S FORTIFICATIONS DID NOT SAVE HER; IT IS VAIN, THEREFORE, FOR NINEVEH TO THINK HER DEFENSES WILL SECURE HER AGAINST GOD'S SENTENCE.
1. the bloody city!—literally, "city of blood," namely, shed by Nineveh; just so now her own blood is to be shed.
robbery—violence [MAURER]. Extortion [GROTIUS].
the prey departeth not—Nineveh never ceases to live by rapine. Or, the Hebrew verb is transitive, "she (Nineveh) does not make the prey depart"; she ceases not to plunder.
2. The reader is transported into the midst of the fight (compare ). The "noise of the whips" urging on the horses (in the chariots) is heard, and of "the rattling of the wheels" of war chariots, and the "horses" are seen "prancing," and the "chariots jumping," &c.
3. horseman—distinct from "the horses" (in the chariots, ).
lifteth up—denoting readiness for fight [EWALD]. GESENIUS translates, "lifteth up (literally, 'makes to ascend') his horse." Similarly MAURER, "makes his horse to rise up on his hind feet." Vulgate translates, "ascending," that is, making his horse to advance up to the assault. This last is perhaps better than English Version.
the bright sword and the glittering spear—literally, "the glitter of the sword and the flash of the spear!" This, as well as the translation, "the horseman advancing up," more graphically presents the battle scene to the eye.
they stumble upon their corpses—The Medo-Babylonian enemy stumble upon the Assyrian corpses.
4. Because of the multitude of the whoredoms—This assigns the reason for Nineveh's destruction.
of the well-favoured harlot—As Assyria was not a worshipper of the true God, "whoredoms" cannot mean, as in the case of Israel, apostasy to the worship of false gods; but, her harlot-like artifices whereby she allured neighboring states so as to subject them to herself. As the unwary are allured by the "well-favored harlot's" looks, so Israel, Judah (for example, under Ahaz, who, calling to his aid Tiglath-pileser, was made tributary by him, ), and other nations, were tempted by the plausible professions of Assyria, and by the lure of commerce (Revelation 18:2; Revelation 18:3), to trust her.
witchcrafts— (Isaiah 47:9; Isaiah 47:12). Alluding to the love incantations whereby harlots tried to dement and ensnare youths; answering to the subtle machinations whereby Assyria attracted nations to her.
selleth—deprives of their liberty; as slaves used to be sold: and in other property also sale was a usual mode of transfer. MAURER understands it of depriving nations of their freedom, and literally selling them as slaves to distant peoples (Joel 3:2; Joel 3:3; Joel 3:6-8). But elsewhere there is no evidence that the Assyrians did this.
families—peoples.
5. I will discover thy skirts upon thy face—that is, discover thy nakedness by throwing up thy skirts upon thy face (the greatest possible insult), pulling them up as as high as thy head (Jeremiah 13:22; Ezekiel 16:37-41). I will treat thee not as a matron, but as a harlot whose shame is exposed; her gaudy finery being lifted up off her (Isaiah 47:2; Isaiah 47:3). So Nineveh shall be stripped of all her glory and defenses on which she prides herself.
6. cast abominable filth upon thee—as infamous harlots used to be treated.
gazing stock—exposed to public ignominy as a warning to others ().
7. all . . . that look upon thee—when thou hast been made "a gazing stock" ().
shall flee from thee—as a thing horrible to look upon. Compare "standing afar off," Revelation 18:10.
whence shall I seek comforters for thee?—Compare Revelation 18:10, which Nahum had before his mind.
8. populous No—rather, as Hebrew, "No-ammon," the Egyptian name for Thebes in Upper Egypt; meaning the portion or possession of Ammon, the Egyptian Jupiter (whence the Greeks called the city Diospolis), who was especially worshipped there. The Egyptian inscriptions call the god Amon-re, that is, Amon the Sun; he is represented as a human figure with a ram's head, seated on a chair (Jeremiah 46:25; Ezekiel 30:14-16). The blow inflicted on No-ammon, described in Ezekiel 30:14-26, was probably by the Assyrian Sargon (see on Ezekiel 30:14-26; Ezekiel 30:14-26). As Thebes, with all her resources, was overcome by Assyria, so Assyrian Nineveh, notwithstanding all her might, in her turn, shall be overcome by Babylon. English Version, "populous," if correct, implies that No's large population did not save her from destruction.
situate among the rivers—probably the channels into which the Nile here divides (compare Ezekiel 30:14-26). Thebes lay on both sides of the river. It was famed in HOMER'S time for its hundred gates [Iliad, 9.381]. Its ruins still describe a circumference of twenty-seven miles. Of them the temples of Luxor and Karnak, east of the river, are most famous. The colonnade of the former, and the grand hall of the latter, are of stupendous dimensions. One wall still represents the expedition of Shishak against Jerusalem under Rehoboam (1 Kings 14:25; 2 Chronicles 12:2-9).
whose . . . wall was from the sea—that is, rose up "from the sea." MAURER translates, "whose wall consisted of the sea." But this would be a mere repetition of the former clause. The Nile is called a sea, from its appearance in the annual flood (2 Chronicles 12:2-14).
9. Ethiopia—Hebrew, Cush. Ethiopia is thought at this time to have been mistress of Upper Egypt.
Egypt—Lower Egypt.
her strength—her safeguard as an ally.
it was infinite—The resources of these, her allies, were endless.
Put—or Phut (); descended from Ham (). From a root meaning a bow; as they were famed as archers [GESENIUS]. Probably west of Lower Egypt. JOSEPHUS [Antiquities, 1:6.2] identifies it with Mauritania (compare Jeremiah 46:9, Margin; Jeremiah 46:9).
Lubim—the Libyans, whose capital was Cyrene; extending along the Mediterranean west of Egypt (2 Chronicles 12:3; 2 Chronicles 16:8; Acts 2:10). As, however, the Lubim are always connected with the Egyptians and Ethiopians, they are perhaps distinct from the Libyans. The Lubim were probably at first wandering tribes, who afterwards were settled under Carthage in the region of Cyrene, under the name Libyans.
thy—No's.
helpers—literally, "in thy help," that is, among thy auxiliaries.
10. Notwithstanding all her might, she was overcome.
cast lots for her honourable men—They divided them among themselves by lot, as slaves ().
11. drunken—made to drink of the cup of Jehovah's wrath (Isaiah 51:17; Isaiah 51:21; Jeremiah 25:15).
hid—covered out of sight: a prediction remarkably verified in the state in which the ruins of Nineveh have been found [G. V. SMITH]. But as "hid" precedes "seek strength," c., it rather refers to Nineveh's state when attacked by her foe: "Thou who now so vauntest thyself, shalt be compelled to seek a hiding-place from the foe" [CALVIN] or, shalt be neglected and slighted by all [MAURER].
seek strength because of the enemy—Thou too, like Thebes (Jeremiah 25:15), shalt have recourse to other nations for help against thy Medo-Babylonian enemy.
12. thy strongholds—on the borders of Assyria, protecting the approaches to Nineveh: "the gates of thy land" (Nahum 3:13).
fig trees with the first ripe figs—expressing the rapidity and ease of the capture of Nineveh (compare Isaiah 28:4; Revelation 6:13).
13. thy people—thy soldiers.
women—unable to fight for thee (Isaiah 19:16; Jeremiah 50:37; Jeremiah 51:30).
gates on thy land—the fortified passes or entrances to the region of Nineveh (compare Jeremiah 51:30). Northeast of Nineveh there were hills affording a natural barrier against an invader; the guarded passes through these are probably "the gates of the land" meant.
fire shall devour thy bars—the "bars" of the fortresses at the passes into Assyria. So in Assyrian remains the Assyrians themselves are represented as setting fire to the gates of a city [BONOMI, Nineveh, pp. 194, 197].
14. Ironical exhortation to Nineveh to defend herself.
Draw . . . waters—so as not to be without water for drinking, in the event of being cut off by the besiegers from the fountains.
make strong the brick-kiln—or "repair" [MAURER]; so as to have a supply of bricks formed of kiln-burnt clay, to repair breaches in the ramparts, or to build new fortifications inside when the outer ones are taken by the foe.
15. There—in the very scene of thy great preparations for defense; and where thou now art so secure.
fire—even as at the former destruction; Sardanapalus (Pul?) perished with all his household in the conflagration of his palace, having in despair set it on fire, the traces of which are still remaining.
cankerworm—"the licking locust" [HENDERSON].
make thyself many as the locusts—"the swarming locusts" [HENDERSON]; that is, however "many" be thy forces, like those of "the swarming locusts," or the "licking locusts," yet the foe shall consume thee as the "licking locust" licks up all before it.
16. multiplied thy merchants— (Ezekiel 27:23; Ezekiel 27:24). Nineveh, by large canals, had easy access to Babylon; and it was one of the great routes for the people of the west and northwest to that city; lying on the Tigris it had access to the sea. The Phoelignicians carried its wares everywhere. Hence its merchandise is so much spoken of.
the cankerworm spoileth, and fleeth away—that is, spoiled thy merchants. The "cankerworm," or licking locust, answers to the Medo-Babylonian invaders of Nineveh [G. V. SMITH]. CALVIN explains less probably, "Thy merchants spoiled many regions; but the same shall befall them as befalls locusts, they in a moment shall be scattered and flee away." MAURER, somewhat similarly, "The licking locust puts off (the envelope in which his wings had been folded), and teeth away" (Ezekiel 27:24; compare Joel 1:4). The Hebrew has ten different names for the locust, so destructive was it.
17. Thy crowned—Thy princes (Revelation 9:7). The king's nobles and officers wore the tiara, as well as the king; hence they are called here "thy crowned ones."
as the locusts—as many as the swarming locusts.
thy captains—Tiphsar, an Assyrian word; found also in Revelation 9:7, meaning satraps [MICHAELIS]; or rather, "military leaders" [MAURER]. The last syllable, sar means a "prince," and is found in Belshaz-zar, Nabopolas-sar, Nebuchadnez-zar.
as the great grasshoppers—literally, "as the locust of locusts," that is, the largest locust. MAURER translates, "as many as locusts upon locusts," that is, swarms of locusts. Hebrew idiom favors English Version.
in the hedges in the cold—Cold deprives the locust of the power of flight; so they alight in cold weather and at night, but when warmed by the sun soon "flee away." So shall the Assyrian multitudes suddenly disappear, not leaving a trace behind (compare PLINY, Natural History, 11.29).
18. Thy shepherds—that is, Thy leaders.
slumber—are carelessly secure [MAURER]. Rather, "lie in death's sleep, having been slain" [JEROME] (Exodus 15:16; Psalms 76:6).
shall dwell in the dust — (Psalms 7:5; Psalms 94:17).
thy people is scattered—the necessary consequence of their leaders being laid low (Psalms 94:17).
19. bruit—the report.
clap the hands—with joy at thy fall. The sole descendants of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians in the whole country are the Nestorian Christians, who speak a Chaldean language [LAYARD].
upon whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually?—implying God's long forbearance, and the consequent enormity of Assyria's guilt, rendering her case one that admitted no hope of restoration.