1.

Nebuchadnezzar the king, unto all people, nations, and languages, that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you.

Nebuohadnezzar. What follows is evidently a proclamation. Given probably in 454 B.C., the last of the seven years of his "madness"(461-454 B.C.), the same year as the decree of Astyages, Daniel being then fifty-nine.
people = the peoples.
nations = races.
languages = tongues.

2.

I thought it good to shew the signs and wonders that the high God hath wrought toward me.

thought = have thought.
wonders = astonishing things.
HIGH = most HIGH.
God . Chaldee. 'elaha' (emphatic). App-4 .

3.

How great are his signs! and how mighty are his wonders! his kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his dominion is from generation to generation.

How great, &c . Compare Daniel 4:34 ; Daniel 2:44 ; Daniel 7:17 .

4.

I Nebuchadnezzar was at rest in mine house, and flourishing in my palace:

5.

I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head troubled me.

dream . One of twenty recorded dreams. See note on Genesis 20:3 .
visions of my head, &c . Compare Daniel 4:10 , and Daniel 2:28 .

6.

Therefore made I a decree to bring in all the wise men of Babylon before me, that they might make known unto me the interpretation of the dream.

to bring in all the wise men, &c . Probably done from motives of state policy, or acting on Daniel's own advice. A writer clever enough to be a forger would be wise enough not to leave the loophole alleged.

7.

Then came in the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers: and I told the dream before them; but they did not make known unto me the interpretation thereof.

magicians, &c . See note on Daniel 1:2 .

8.

But at the last Daniel came in before me, whose name was Belteshazzar, according to the name of my god, and in whom is the spirit of the holy gods: and before him I told the dream, saying,

Belteshazzar. See note on Daniel 1:7 .
god . Chaldee. 'elah. App-4 .
spirit . Hebrew. ruach. App-9 .
holy . See note on Exodus 3:5 .
gods . Chaldee. 'elahin (plural) App-4 .

9.

O Belteshazzar, master of the magicians, because I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in thee, and no secret troubleth thee, tell me the visions of my dream that I have seen, and the interpretation thereof.

master of the magicians . Daniel still held the position given him in Daniel 2:48 .
secret . Chaldee. raz. Same word as in Daniel 2 : (except Daniel 2:22 ). See notes on Daniel 2:18 , Daniel 2:22 .

10.

Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was great.

I saw = I was gazing.
behold . Figure of speech Asterismos. App-6 .

11.

The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth:

12.

The leaves thereof were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all: the beasts of the field had shadow under it, and the fowls of the heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof, and all flesh was fed of it.

13.

I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed, and, behold, a watcher and an holy one came down from heaven;

a watcher and an holy one . Figure of speech Hendiadys ( App-6 ) = an holy angel.
watcher . A Chaldee name ( 'ir ) for an angelic being, watching over the affairs of men. Compare: Daniel 4:17 , Daniel 4:23 . Not the same root as in Daniel 9:14 .

14.

He cried aloud, and said thus, Hew down the tree, and cut off his branches, shake off his leaves, and scatter his fruit: let the beasts get away from under it, and the fowls from his branches:

15.

Nevertheless leave the stump of his roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth:

the stump of his roots = his root-trunk.
tender grass = herbage.
wet = drenched.

16.

Let his heart be changed from man's, and let a beast's heart be given unto him; and let seven times pass over him.

Let his heart, &c . The figure here changes from a tree to that of a beast, mentioned in Daniel 4:15 .
man's . Chaldee. 'anasha'. App-14 .
seven times. The inscriptions state that there were several years in which Nebuchadnezzar did nothing,

17.

This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the demand by the word of the holy ones: to the intent that the living may know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will, and setteth up over it the basest of men.

demand = mandate.
ruleth = hath dominion.
basest = lowest.

18.

This dream I king Nebuchadnezzar have seen. Now thou, O Belteshazzar, declare the interpretation thereof, forasmuch as all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known unto me the interpretation: but thou art able; for the spirit of the holy gods is in thee.

19.

Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, was astonied for one hour, and his thoughts troubled him. The king spake, and said, Belteshazzar, let not the dream, or the interpretation thereof, trouble thee. Belteshazzar answered and said, My lord, the dream be to them that hate thee, and the interpretation thereof to thine enemies.

astonied = astonished.
one hour. Chaldee. sha ' ah = a moment, as Daniel 4:33 ; Daniel 3:6 , Daniel 3:15 ; Daniel 5:5 .
The king spake. Note the change of speakers.
answered and said . See note on Deuteronomy 1:41 .

20.

The tree that thou sawest, which grew, and was strong, whose height reached unto the heaven, and the sight thereof to all the earth;

21.

Whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation:

22.

It is thou, O king, that art grown and become strong: for thy greatness is grown, and reacheth unto heaven, and thy dominion to the end of the earth.

23.

And whereas the king saw a watcher and an holy one coming down from heaven, and saying, Hew the tree down, and destroy it; yet leave the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts of the field, till seven times pass over him;

24.

This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king:

25.

That they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and they shall wet thee with the dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass over thee, till thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.

drive thee, &c . The mental disease of Nebuchadnezzar is rare. It is called Lycanthropy (from Greek, lukos = a wolf, and anthropos = a man), because the man imagines himself to be a wolf, or some other animal.
men . Chaldee plural of ' anash . App-14 .
make = suffer.

26.

And whereas they commanded to leave the stump of the tree roots; thy kingdom shall be sure unto thee, after that thou shalt have known that the heavens do rule.

the heavens . Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), App-6 , for God Who dwells there. Compare Luke 15:18 .

27.

Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee, and break off thy sins by righteousness, and thine iniquities by shewing mercy to the poor; if it may be a lengthening of thy tranquillity.

counsel = advice. Not the same word as in Daniel 3:24 , Daniel 3:27 ; Daniel 4:36 ; Daniel 6:7 .
break off . This is rendered in the Vulgate (the Authorized version of the Church of Rome) by "redeem"; but the Chaldee perak = break off. First occurs in Hebrew ( parak ) Genesis 27:40 . Exodus 32:2 , Exodus 32:3 , Exodus 32:24 , &c. See note on Psalms 136:24 .
sins: chatai. Same as App-44 .
righteousness . This is rendered as "almsgiving" in the Vulgate. But Chaldee. tzidkah (Hebrew. tzedakah) = righteousness never signifies alms or almsgiving.
iniquities . Chaldee. 'ivya'. Same as App-44 .
poor = wretched, miserable. Chaldee. 'anah. See note on "poverty", Proverbs 6:11 . Here referring doubtless to the Jewish captives.

28.

All this came upon the king Nebuchadnezzar.

All this came . Here the change is to the historical narration.

29.

At the end of twelve months he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon.

30.

The king spake, and said, Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for the house of the kingdom by the might of my power, and for the honour of my majesty?

spake = answered.
great Babylon . The German Orient Society's excavations during recent years have shown how "great" it was. See Records of the Past, vol. i, p, &c.
that I have built . Everywhere this is repeated by Nebuchadnezzar on bricks, pavements, walls, &c.
house of the kingdom = the royal palace.

31.

While the word was in the king's mouth, there fell a voice from heaven, saying, O king Nebuchadnezzar, to thee it is spoken; The kingdom is departed from thee.

32.

And they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field: they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and seven times shall pass over thee, until thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.

33.

The same hour was the thing fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar: and he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws.

34.

And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the most High, and I praised and honoured him that liveth for ever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation:

I Nebuchadnezzar, &c . Here the king again speaks. This corresponds with the Proclamation (verses: Daniel 4:1-3 ), and is the ground of its being made.
the Most High . Compare verses: Daniel 4:17 , Daniel 4:32 .
I praised, &c . Modern critics are stumbled because Nebuchadnezzar should do this while he was an idolater. But surely it is the token that a great change had taken place. This occurred in 454, just after Astyages (the great king = Artaxerxes) had issued his decree for the rebuilding of Jerusalem; and it was imperative that Nebuchadnezzar should now issue this imperial decree. See App-58 . This year, 454 B. C, is specially marked by the issue of these two momentous proclamations. When Nebuchadnezzar's madness began, Daniel was fifty-two, and when it ended, he was fifty-nine years old.

35.

And all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing: and he doeth according to his will in the army of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth: and none can stay his hand, or say unto him, What doest thou?

all, &c . Compare Job 34:14 , Job 34:15 , Job 34:19-24 .Isaiah 40:15-17 , Isaiah 40:22-24 .
and He, &c . Compare 1 Samuel 3:18 . Job 23:13 .Psalms 33:9-11 ; Psalms 115:3 ; Psalms 135:6 . Isaiah 14:24-27 ; Isaiah 46:10 , Isaiah 46:11 .
the inhabitants, &c . Psalms 33:8 , Psalms 33:14 ; Psalms 49:1 .Isaiah 26:9 .
none, &c . Compare Job 9:4 , Job 9:13 ; Job 34:29 ; Job 40:9-12 ; Job 42:2 .Acts 5:39 ; Acts 9:5 ; Acts 11:17 , &c.
What, &c . Compare Job 9:12 ; Job 33:12 , Job 33:13 ; Job 40:2 .Isaiah 45:9-11 .

36.

At the same time my reason returned unto me; and for the glory of my kingdom, mine honour and brightness returned unto me; and my counsellers and my lords sought unto me; and I was established in my kingdom, and excellent majesty was added unto me.

counsellers . See note on Daniel 3:24 .
lords . See note on Daniel 5:1 , and "princes", Daniel 5:2 .

37.

Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honour the King of heaven, all whose works are truth, and his ways judgment: and those that walk in pride he is able to abase.

I Nebuchadnezzar, &c . This corresponds with verses: Daniel 4:1-3 . See the Structure, p. 1185.