1. feedeth on wind— (Proverbs 15:14; Isaiah 44:20). Followeth after vain objects, such as alliances with idolaters and their idols (compare Isaiah 44:20).
east wind—the simoon, blowing from the desert east of Palestine, which not only does not benefit, but does injury. Israel follows not only things vain, but things pernicious (compare Isaiah 44:20).
increaseth lies—accumulates lie upon lie, that is, impostures wherewith they deceive themselves, forsaking the truth of God.
desolation—violent oppressions practised by Israel [MAURER]. Acts which would prove the cause of Israel's own desolation [CALVIN].
covenant with . . . Assyrians— (Hosea 5:13; Hosea 7:11).
oil . . . into Egypt—as a present from Israel to secure Egypt's alliance (Isaiah 30:6; Isaiah 57:9; compare Isaiah 57:9). Palestine was famed for oil (Isaiah 57:9).

2. controversy with Judah— (Hosea 4:1; Micah 6:2). Judah, under Ahaz, had fallen into idolatry (Micah 6:2, &c.).
Jacob—that is, the ten tribes. If Judah, the favored portion of the nation, shall not be spared, much less degenerate Israel.

3. He—Jacob, contrasted with his degenerate descendants, called by his name, Jacob (; compare Micah 2:7). He took Esau by the heel in the womb in order to obtain, if possible, the privileges of the first-born (Micah 2:7), whence he took his name, Jacob, meaning "supplanter"; and again, by his strength, prevailed in wrestling with God for a blessing (Genesis 32:24-29); whereas ye disregard My promises, putting your confidence in idols and foreign alliances. He conquered God, ye are the slaves of idols. Only have Jehovah on your side, and ye are stronger than Edom, or even Assyria. So the spiritual Israel lays hold of the heel of Jesus, "the First-born of many brethren," being born again of the Holy Spirit. Having no right in themselves to the inheritance, they lay hold of the bruised heel, the humanity of Christ crucified, and let not go their hold of Him who is not, as Esau, a curse (Hebrews 12:16; Hebrews 12:17), but, by becoming a curse for us, is a blessing to us.
power with God—referring to his name, "Israel," prince of God, acquired on that occasion (compare Matthew 11:12). As the promised Canaan had to be gained forcibly by Israel, so heaven by the faithful (Revelation 3:21; compare Luke 13:24). "Strive," literally, "as in the agony of a contest." So the Canaanitess (Matthew 15:22).
his strength—which lay in his conscious weakness, whence, when his thigh was put out of joint by God, he hung upon Him. To seek strength was his object; to grant it, God's. Yet God's mode of procedure was strange. In human form He tries as it were to throw Jacob down. When simple wrestling was not enough, He does what seems to ensure Jacob's fall, dislocating his thigh joint, so that he could no longer stand. Yet it was then that Jacob prevailed. Thus God teaches us the irresistible might of conscious weakness. For when weak in ourselves, we are strong by His strength put in us (Job 23:6; Isaiah 27:5; 2 Corinthians 12:9; 2 Corinthians 12:10).

4. the angel—the uncreated Angel of the Covenant, as God the Son appears in the Old Testament (Malachi 3:1).
made supplication— Malachi 3:1: "I will not let thee go, except thou bless me."
he found him—The angel found Jacob, when he was fleeing from Esau into Syria: the Lord appearing to him "in Beth-el" (Genesis 28:11-19; Genesis 35:1). What a sad contrast, that in this same Beth-el now Israel worships the golden calves!
there he spake with us—"with us," as being in the loins of our progenitor Jacob (compare Psalms 66:6, "They . . . we;" Hebrews 7:9; Hebrews 7:10). What God there spoke to Jacob appertains to us. God's promises to him belong to all his posterity who follow in the steps of his prayerful faith.

5. Lord God—JEHOVAH, a name implying His immutable constancy to His promises. From the Hebrew root, meaning "existence." "He that is, was, and is to be," always the same (Hebrews 13:8; Revelation 1:4; Revelation 1:8; compare Exodus 3:14; Exodus 3:15; Exodus 6:3). As He was unchangeable in His favor to Jacob, so will He be to His believing posterity.
of hosts—which Israel foolishly worshipped. Jehovah has all the hosts (saba) or powers of heaven and earth at His command, so that He is as all-powerful, as He is faithful, to fulfil His promises (Psalms 135:6; Amos 5:27).
memorial—the name expressive of the character in which God was ever to be remembered (Psalms 135:13).

6. thou—who dost wish to be a true descendant of Jacob.
to THY God—who is therefore bound by covenant to hear thy prayers.
keep mercy and judgment— (Micah 6:8). These two include the second-table commandments, duty towards one's neighbor, the most visible test of the sincerity on one's repentance.
wait on thy God—alone, not on thy idols. Including all the duties of the first table (Psalms 37:3; Psalms 37:5; Psalms 37:7; Psalms 40:1).

7. merchant—a play on the double sense of the Hebrew, "Canaan," that is, a Canaanite and a "merchant" : "Thy birth is . . . of Canaan." They who naturally were descendants of pious Jacob had become virtually Canaanites, who were proverbial as cheating merchants (compare Isaiah 23:11, Margin), the greatest reproach to Israel, who despised Canaan. The Phoelignicians called themselves Canaanites or merchants (Isaiah 23:8).
oppress—open violence: as the "balances of deceit" imply fraud.

8. And—that is, Notwithstanding.
Yet I am . . . rich—I regard not what the prophets say: I am content with my state, as I am rich (Revelation 3:17). Therefore, in just retribution, this is the very language of the enemy in being the instrument of Israel's punishment. Revelation 3:17: "They that sell them say . . . I am rich." Far better is poverty with honesty, than riches gained by sin.
my labours—my gains by labor.
they shall find none—that is, none shall find any.
iniquity . . . that were sin—iniquity that would bring down the penalty of sin. Ephraim argues, My success in my labors proves that I am not a guilty sinner as the prophets assert. Thus sinners pervert God's long-suffering goodness (Matthew 5:45) into a justification of their impenitence (compare Matthew 5:45).

9. And—rather, "And yet." Though Israel deserves to be cast off for ever, yet I am still what I have been from the time of My delivering them out of Egypt, their covenant God; therefore, "I will yet make thee to dwell in tabernacles," that is, to keep the feast of tabernacles again in remembrance of a new deliverance out of bondage. Fulfilled primarily at the return from Babylon (). Fully and antitypically to be fulfilled at the final restoration from the present dispersion (; compare Leviticus 23:42; Leviticus 23:43).

10. by . . . the prophets—literally, "upon," that is, My spirit resting on them. I deposited with them My instructions which ought to have brought you to the right way. An aggravation of your guilt, that it was not through ignorance you erred, but in defiance of God and His prophets [CALVIN]. Ahijah the Shilonite, Shemaiah, Iddo, Azariah, Hanani, Jehu, Elijah, Elisha, Micaiah, Joel, and Amos were "the prophets" before Hosea.
visions . . . similitudes—I adopted such modes of communication, adapted to man's capacities, as were calculated to arouse attention: I left no means untried to reform you. The first, second, and third chapters contain examples of "similitudes."

11. Is there iniquity in Gilead?—He asks the question, not as if the answer was doubtful, but to strengthen the affirmation: "Surely they are vanity"; or as MAURER translates, "They are nothing but iniquity." Iniquity, especially idolatry, in Scripture is often termed "vanity." : "Wealth gotten by vanity," that is, iniquity. Isaiah 41:29: "They are all vanity . . . images." "Gilead" refers to Mizpah-gilead, a city representing the region beyond Jordan (Hosea 6:8; Judges 11:29); as "Gilgal," the region on this side of Jordan (Judges 11:29). In all quarters alike they are utterly vile.
their altars are as heaps in the furrows—that is, as numerous as such heaps: namely, the heaps of stones cleared out of a stony field. An appropriate image, as at a distance they look like altars (compare Hosea 10:1; Hosea 10:4; Hosea 8:11). As the third member in the parallelism answers to the first, "Gilgal" to "Gilead," so the fourth to the second, "altars" to "vanity." The word "heaps" alludes to the name "Gilgal," meaning "a heap of stones." The very scene of the general circumcision of the people, and of the solemn passover kept after crossing Jordan, is now the stronghold of Israel's idolatry.

12. Jacob fled . . . served—Though ye pride yourselves on the great name of "Israel," forget not that your progenitor was the same Jacob who was a fugitive, and who served for Rachel fourteen years. He forgot not ME who delivered him when fleeing from Esau, and when oppressed by Laban (Genesis 28:5; Genesis 29:20; Genesis 29:28; Deuteronomy 26:5). Ye, though delivered from Egypt (Deuteronomy 26:5), and loaded with My favors, are yet unwilling to return to Me.
country of Syria—the champaign region of Syria, the portion lying between the Tigris and Euphrates, hence called Mesopotamia. Padan-aram means the same, that is, "Low Syria," as opposed to Aramea (meaning the "high country") or Syria (Genesis 48:7).

13. by a prophet—Moses (Numbers 12:6-8; Deuteronomy 18:15; Deuteronomy 18:18).
preserved—Translate, "kept"; there is an allusion to the same Hebrew word in Hosea 12:12, "kept sheep"; Israel was kept by God as His flock, even as Jacob kept sheep (Psalms 80:1; Isaiah 63:11).

14. provoked him—that is, God.
leave his blood upon him—not take away the guilt and penalty of the innocent blood shed by Ephraim in general, and to Molech in particular.
his reproach shall his Lord return unto him—Ephraim's dishonor to God in worshipping idols, God will repay to him. That God is "his Lord" by right redemption and special revelation to Ephraim only aggravates his guilt, instead of giving him hope of escape. God does not give up His claim to them as His, however they set aside His dominion.