1. When Ephraim spake trembling—rather, "When Ephraim (the tribe most powerful among the twelve in Israel's early history) spake (authoritatively) there was trembling"; all reverentially feared him [JEROME], (compare Job 29:8; Job 29:9; Job 29:21).
offended in Baal—that is, in respect to Baal, by worshipping him (Job 29:21), under Ahab; a more heinous offense than even the calves. Therefore it is at this climax of guilt that Ephraim "died." Sin has, in the sight of God, within itself the germ of death, though that death may not visibly take effect till long after. Compare Job 29:21, "Sin revived, and I died." So Adam in the day of his sin was to die, though the sentence was not visibly executed till long after (Genesis 2:17; Genesis 5:5). Israel is similarly represented as politically dead in Genesis 5:5.

2. according to their own understanding—that is, their arbitrary devising. Compare "will-worship," Colossians 2:23. Men are not to be "wise above that which is written," or to follow their own understanding, but God's command in worship.
kiss the calves—an act of adoration to the golden calves (compare 1 Kings 19:18; Job 31:27; Psalms 2:12).

3. they shall be as the morning cloud . . . dew— (Hosea 6:4). As their "goodness" soon vanished like the morning cloud and dew, so they shall perish like them.
the floor—the threshing-floor, generally an open area, on a height, exposed to the winds.
chimney—generally in the East an orifice in the wall, at once admitting the light, and giving egress to the smoke.

4. (Hosea 12:9; Isaiah 43:11).
no saviour—temporal as well as spiritual.
besides me— (Isaiah 43:11).

5. I did know thee—did acknowledge thee as Mine, and so took care of thee (Psalms 144:3; Amos 3:2). As I knew thee as Mine, so thou shouldest know no God but Me (Amos 3:2).
in . . . land of . . . drought— (Deuteronomy 8:15).

6. Image from cattle, waxing wanton in abundant pasture (compare Hosea 2:5; Hosea 2:8; Deuteronomy 32:13-15). In proportion as I fed them to the full, they were so satiated that "their heart was exalted"; a sad contrast to the time when, by God's blessing, Ephraim truly "exalted himself in Israel" (Hosea 13:1).
therefore have they forgotten me—the very reason why men should remember God (namely, prosperity, which comes from Him) is the cause often of their forgetting Him. God had warned them of this danger (Deuteronomy 6:11; Deuteronomy 6:12).

7. (Hosea 5:14; Lamentations 3:10).
leopard—The Hebrew comes from a root meaning "spotted" (compare Lamentations 3:10). Leopards lurk in thickets and thence spring on their victims.
observe—that is, lie in wait for them. Several manuscripts, the Septuagint, Vulgate, Syriac, and Arabic read, by a slight change of the Hebrew vowel pointing, "by the way of Assyria," a region abounding in leopards and lions. English Version is better.

8. "Writers on the natures of beasts say that none is more savage than a she bear, when bereaved of her whelps" [JEROME].
caul of . . . heart—the membrane enclosing it: the pericardium.
there—"by the way" (Hosea 13:7).

9. thou . . . in me—in contrast.
hast destroyed thyself—that is, thy destruction is of thyself (Proverbs 6:32; Proverbs 8:36).
in me is thine help—literally, "in thine help" (compare Proverbs 8:36). Hadst thou rested thy hope in Me, I would have been always ready at hand for thy help [GROTIUS].

10. I will be thy king; where—rather, as the Margin and the Septuagint, Syriac, Vulgate, "Where now is thy king?" [MAURER]. English Version is, however, favored both by the Hebrew, by the antithesis between Israel's self-chosen and perishing kings, and God, Israel's abiding King (compare Hosea 3:4; Hosea 3:5).
where . . . Give me a king—Where now is the king whom ye substituted in My stead? Neither Saul, whom the whole nation begged for, not contented with Me their true king (1 Samuel 8:5; 1 Samuel 8:7; 1 Samuel 8:19; 1 Samuel 8:20; 1 Samuel 10:19), nor Jeroboam, whom subsequently the ten tribes chose instead of the line of David My anointed, can save thee now. They had expected from their kings what is the prerogative of God alone, namely, the power of saving them.
judges—including all civil authorities under the king (compare 1 Samuel 10:19).

11. I gave . . . king in . . . anger . . . took . . . away in . . . wrath—true both of Saul (1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 15:23; 1 Samuel 16:1) and of Jeroboam's line (1 Samuel 16:1). Pekah was taken away through Hoshea, as he himself took away Pekahiah; and as Hoshea was soon to be taken away by the Assyrian king.

12. bound up . . . hid—Treasures, meant to be kept, are bound up and hidden; that is, do not flatter yourselves, because of the delay, that I have forgotten your sin. Nay (Hosea 9:9), Ephraim's iniquity is kept as it were safely sealed up, until the due time comes for bringing it forth for punishment (Deuteronomy 32:34; Job 14:17; Job 21:19; compare Romans 2:5). Opposed to "blotting out the handwriting against" the sinner (Romans 2:5).

13. sorrows of a travailing woman—calamities sudden and agonizing ().
unwise—in not foreseeing the impending judgment, and averting it by penitence ().
he should not stay long in the place of the breaking forth of children—When Israel might deliver himself from calamity by the pangs of penitence, he brings ruin on himself by so long deferring a new birth unto repentance, like a child whose mother has not strength to bring it forth, and which therefore remains so long in the passage from the womb as to run the risk of death (2 Kings 19:3; Isaiah 37:3; Isaiah 66:9).

14. Applying primarily to God's restoration of Israel from Assyria partially, and, in times yet future, fully from all the lands of their present long-continued dispersion, and political death (compare Hosea 6:2; Isaiah 25:8; Isaiah 26:19; Ezekiel 37:12). God's power and grace are magnified in quickening what to the eye of flesh seems dead and hopeless (Romans 4:17; Romans 4:19). As Israel's history, past and future, has a representative character in relation to the Church, this verse is expressed in language alluding to Messiah's (who is the ideal Israel) grand victory over the grave and death, the first-fruits of His own resurrection, the full harvest to come at the general resurrection; hence the similarity between this verse and Paul's language as to the latter (1 Corinthians 15:55). That similarity becomes more obvious by translating as the Septuagint, from which Paul plainly quotes; and as the same Hebrew word is translated in Hosea 13:10, "O death, where are thy plagues (paraphrased by the Septuagint, 'thy victory')? O grave, where is thy destruction (rendered by the Septuagint, 'thy sting')?" The question is that of one triumphing over a foe, once a cruel tyrant, but now robbed of all power to hurt.
repentance shall be hid from mine eyes—that is, I will not change My purpose of fulfilling My promise by delivering Israel, on the condition of their return to Me (compare Hosea 14:2-8; Numbers 23:19; Romans 11:29).

15. fruitful—referring to the meaning of "Ephraim," from a Hebrew root, "to be fruitful" (Genesis 41:52). It was long the most numerous and flourishing of the tribes (Genesis 41:52).
wind of the Lord—that is, sent by the Lord (compare Genesis 41:52), who has His instruments of punishment always ready. The Assyrian, Shalmaneser, c., is meant (Jeremiah 4:11 Jeremiah 18:17; Ezekiel 19:12).
from the wilderness—that is, the desert part of Syria (Ezekiel 19:12), the route from Assyria into Israel.
he—the Assyrian invader. Shalmaneser began the siege of Samaria in 723 B.C. Its close was in 721 B.C., the first year of Sargon, who seems to have usurped the throne of Assyria while Shalmaneser was at the siege of Samaria. Hence, while 2 Kings 17:6 states, "the king of Assyria took Samaria," 2 Kings 17:6 says, "at the end of three years they took it." In Sargon's magnificent palace at Khorsabad, inscriptions mention the number—27,280—of Israelites carried captive from Samaria and other places of Israel by the founder of the palace [G. V. SMITH].

16. This verse and foretell the calamities about to befall Israel before her restoration (Hosea 13:14), owing to her impenitence.
her God—the greatest aggravation of her rebellion, that it was against her God (Hosea 13:14).
infants . . . dashed in pieces, c.— (2 Kings 8:12 2 Kings 15:16; Amos 1:13).