1. The inscription.
The word—the revelation.

2. Same as . As Micah prophesied in Jotham's reign, and Isaiah in Uzziah's, Micah rests on Isaiah, whom he confirms: not vice versa. HENGSTENBERG on slight grounds makes Micah 4:1 the original.
last days—that is, Messiah's: especially the days yet to come, to which all prophecy hastens, when "the house of the God of Jacob," namely, at Jerusalem, shall be the center to which the converted nations shall flock together (Matthew 13:32; Luke 2:31; Luke 2:32; Acts 1:6; Acts 1:7); where "the kingdom" of Israel is regarded as certain and the time alone uncertain (Psalms 68:15; Psalms 68:16; Psalms 72:8; Psalms 72:11).
mountain of the Lord's house . . . in the top, &c.—the temple on Mount Moriah: type of the Gospel, beginning at Jerusalem, and, like an object set on the highest hill, made so conspicuous that all nations are attracted to it.
flow—as a broad stream (Isaiah 66:12).

3. If the curse foretold against Israel has been literally fulfilled, so shall the promised blessing be literal. We Gentiles must not, while giving them the curse, deny them their peculiar blessing by spiritualizing it. The Holy Ghost shall be poured out for a general conversion then (Jeremiah 50:5; Zechariah 8:21; Zechariah 8:23; Joel 2:28).
from Jerusalem— (Joel 2:28) an earnest of the future relations of Jerusalem to Christendom (Romans 11:12; Romans 11:15).

4. judge—as a sovereign umpire, settling all controversies (compare ). LOWTH translates "work," "conviction."
plowshares—in the East resembling a short sword (Isaiah 9:6; Isaiah 9:7; Zechariah 9:10).

5. The connection is: As Israel's high destiny is to be a blessing to all nations (), let Israel's children walk worthy of it ().

6. Therefore—rather, "For": reasons why there is the more need of the exhortation in .
thou—transition to Jehovah: such rapid transitions are natural, when the mind is full of a subject.
replenished—rather, filled, namely, with the superstitions of the East, Syria, and Chaldea.
soothsayers—forbidden (Deuteronomy 18:10-14).
Philistines—southwest of Palestine: antithesis to "the east."
please themselves—rather, join hands with, that is, enter into alliances, matrimonial and national: forbidden (Exodus 23:32; Nehemiah 13:23, &c.).

7. gold—forbidden to be heaped together (Deuteronomy 17:17). Solomon disobeyed (1 Kings 10:21; 1 Kings 10:27).
horses . . . chariots—forbidden (1 Kings 10:27). But Solomon disobeyed (1 Kings 10:27). Horses could be used effectively for war in the plains of Egypt; not so in the hilly Judea. God designed there should be as wide as possible a distinction between Israel and the Egyptians. He would have His people wholly dependent on Him, rather than on the ordinary means of warfare (1 Kings 10:27). Also horses were connected with idolatry (1 Kings 10:27); hence His objection: so the transition to "idols" (Isaiah 2:8) is natural.

8. (). Not so much public idolatry, which was not sanctioned in Uzziah's and Jotham's reign, but (see 2 Kings 15:4; 2 Kings 15:35) as private.

9. mean—in rank: not morally base: opposed to "the great man." The former is in Hebrew, Adam, the latter, ish.
boweth—namely, to idols. All ranks were idolaters.
forgive . . . not—a threat expressed by an imperative. Isaiah so identifies himself with God's will, that he prays for that which he knows God purposes. So .

10. Poetical form of expressing that, such were their sins, they would be obliged by God's judgments to seek a hiding-place from His wrath (Revelation 6:15; Revelation 6:16).
dust—equivalent to "caves of the earth," or dust (Revelation 6:16).
for fear, &c.—literally, "from the face of the terror of the Lord."

11. lofty looks—literally, "eyes of pride" ().
humbled—by calamities. God will so vindicate His honor "in that day" of judgments, that none else "shall be exalted" ().

12. Man has had many days: "the day of the Lord" shall come at last, beginning with judgment, a never-ending day in which God shall be "all in all" (1 Corinthians 15:28; 2 Peter 3:10).
every—not merely person, as English Version explains it, but every thing on which the nation prided itself.

13. cedars . . . oaks—image for haughty nobles and princes (Amos 2:9; Zechariah 11:1; Zechariah 11:2; compare Revelation 19:18-21).
Bashan—east of Jordan, north of the river Jabbok, famous for fine oaks, pasture, and cattle. Perhaps in "oaks" there is reference to their idolatry (Revelation 19:18-66).

14. high . . . hills—referring to the "high places" on which sacrifices were unlawfully offered, even in Uzziah's (equivalent to Azariah) reign (). Also, places of strength, fastnesses in which they trusted, rather than in God; so

15. tower . . . wall—Towers were often made on the walls of cities.
fenced—strongly fortified.

16. Tarshish—Tartessus in southwest Spain, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, near Gibraltar. It includes the adjoining region: a Phoelignician colony; hence its connection with Palestine and the Bible (). The name was also used in a wide sense for the farthest west, as our West Indies (Isaiah 66:19; Psalms 48:7; Psalms 72:10). "Ships of Tarshish" became a phrase for richly laden and far-voyaging vessels. The judgment shall be on all that minister to man's luxury (compare Psalms 72:10).
pictures—ordered to be destroyed (Numbers 33:52). Still to be seen on the walls of Nineveh's palaces. It is remarkable that whereas all other ancient civilized nations, Egypt, Assyria, Greece, Rome, have left monuments in the fine arts, Judea, while rising immeasurably above them in the possession of "the living oracles," has left none of the former. The fine arts, as in modern Rome, were so often associated with polytheism, that God required His people in this, as in other respects, to be separate from the nations (Numbers 33:52). But Vulgate translation is perhaps better, "All that is beautiful to the sight"; not only paintings, but all luxurious ornaments. One comprehensive word for all that goes before (compare Revelation 18:12; Revelation 18:14; Revelation 18:16).

17. Repeated from , for emphatic confirmation.

18. idols—literally, "vain things," "nothings" (). Fulfilled to the letter. Before the Babylonian captivity the Jews were most prone to idolatry; in no instance, ever since. For the future fulfilment, see Zechariah 13:2; Revelation 13:15; Revelation 19:20.

19. The fulfilment answers exactly to the threat (Isaiah 2:10).
they—the idol-worshippers.
caves—abounding in Judea, a hilly country; hiding-places in times of alarm (Isaiah 2:10).
shake . . . earth—and the heavens also (Hebrews 12:26). Figure for severe and universal judgments.

20. moles—Others translate "mice." The sense is, under ground, in darkness.
bats—unclean birds (), living amidst tenantless ruins ().

22. The high ones (Isaiah 2:11; Isaiah 2:13) on whom the people trust, shall be "brought low" (Isaiah 2:13); therefore "cease from" depending on them, instead of on the Lord (Isaiah 2:13).