1.
And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them,
Reciprocal: Genesis 7:2 - every clean Genesis 8:20 - clean beast Genesis 9:3 - Every Leviticus 15:1 - Aaron Leviticus 20:25 - put difference Acts 10:14 - for Hebrews 13:9 - not with
2.
Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the beasts which ye shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth.
Deuteronomy 14:3-8, Ezekiel 4:14, Daniel 1:8, Matthew 15:11, Mark 7:15-19, Acts 10:12, Acts 10:14, Romans 14:2, Romans 14:3, Romans 14:14, Romans 14:15, 1 Timothy 4:4-6, Hebrews 9:10, Hebrews 13:9, Of the laws relative to clean and unclean beasts, which are recorded in this chapter and Deut. 14 the following may be found a useful abstract.
1. In regard to quadrupeds, all beasts that have their feet completely cloven, above as well as below, and at the same time chew the cud, are clean. Those which have neither, or indeed want one of these distinguishing marks, are unclean. This is a systematic division of quadrupeds so excellent, as never yet, after all the improvements in natural history, to have become obsolete, but, on the contrary, to be still considered as useful by the greatest masters of the science.
2. With regard to fishes, Moses has in like manner, made a very simple systematic distinction. All that have scales and fins are clean; all others unclean.
3. Of birds, he merely specifies certain sorts as forbidden, thereby permitting all others to be eaten.
4. Insects, serpents, worms, etc., are prohibited; but with regard, however to those winged insects, which besides four walking legs, also have two longer springing legs (Pedes saltatorii), Moses makes an exception, and under the denomination of locusts, declares them clean in all four stages of their existence.
In Palestine, Arabia, and the adjoining countries, locusts are one of the most common articles of food, and people would be very ill of if they durst not eat them: For, when a swarm of them desolates the fields, they prove in some measure themselves an antidote to the famine which they occasion. They are not only eaten fresh, immediately on their appearance, but the people collect them, and know a method of preserving them for a long time for food, after they have dried them in an oven. - Niebuhr's Description of Arabia, pp. 170-175.
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:46 - This Deuteronomy 14:4 - General Isaiah 66:17 - behind one tree in the midst Colossians 2:16 - in meat
3.
Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.
parteth: Psalms 1:1, Proverbs 9:6, 2 Corinthians 6:17
cheweth: Deuteronomy 6:6, Deuteronomy 6:7, Deuteronomy 16:3-8, Psalms 1:2, Proverbs 2:1, Proverbs 2:2, Proverbs 2:10, Acts 17:11, 1 Timothy 4:15
Reciprocal: Ezekiel 1:7 - like the sole
4.
Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.
unclean unto you: Genesis 7:1, Genesis 7:2, Deuteronomy 14:1-29, Isaiah 52:11, 1 Corinthians 8:13, 1 Thessalonians 5:22, 1 John 3:4
5.
And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.
the coney: Shaphan, most probably an animal resembling the rabbit, called by Dr. Shaw, daman (probably for ganam) Israel, "Israel's lamb," and by Bruce, ashkoko, which name he imagines is "derived from the singularity of these long herenacious hairs, which, like small thorns, grow about his back, and which an Amhara are called ashok." This curious animal abounds in Judea, Palestine, Arabia, and Ethiopia; and is described as being about seventeen inches when sitting. It has no tail; and at first sight gives the idea of a rat. Its colour is grey, mixed with reddish brown; the belly white, the body covered with strong polished hairs, for the most part about two inches in length; the ears round, and not pointed; the feet round, of a soft, pulpy, tender substance; the toes projecting beyond the nails, which are rather broad than sharp; the upper jaw is longer than the other; it lives upon grain, fruit, and roots, and certainly chews the cud; and it does not burrow like the hare and rabbit, but lives in clefts of the rocks. Psalms 104:18, Proverbs 30:26
but divideth: Job 36:14, Matthew 7:26, Romans 2:18-24, Philippians 3:18, Philippians 3:19, 2 Timothy 3:5, Titus 1:16
6.
And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.
the hare: Deuteronomy 14:7
7.
And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you.
swine: Deuteronomy 14:8, Isaiah 65:4, Isaiah 66:3, Isaiah 66:17, Matthew 7:6, Luke 8:33, Luke 15:15, 2 Peter 2:18-22
Reciprocal: Matthew 8:30 - an Mark 5:11 - herd Luke 8:32 - there an
8.
Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not touch; they are unclean to you.
they are unclean: Leviticus 5:2, Isaiah 52:11, Hosea 9:3, Matthew 15:11, Matthew 15:20, Mark 7:2, Mark 7:15, Mark 7:18, Acts 10:10-15, Acts 10:28, Acts 15:29, Romans 14:14-17, Romans 14:21, 1 Corinthians 8:8, 2 Corinthians 6:17, Ephesians 5:7, Ephesians 5:11, Colossians 2:16, Colossians 2:21-23, Hebrews 9:10
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:24 - General Leviticus 11:31 - General Mark 5:11 - herd
9.
These shall ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat.
10.
And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which is in the waters, they shall be an abomination unto you:
they shall be: Leviticus 7:18, Deuteronomy 14:3, Psalms 139:21, Psalms 139:22, Proverbs 13:20, Proverbs 29:27, Revelation 21:8
Reciprocal: Leviticus 7:21 - abominable Ezekiel 8:10 - every
11.
They shall be even an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, but ye shall have their carcases in abomination.
Reciprocal: Leviticus 7:18 - an abomination
12.
Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you.
Reciprocal: Exodus 8:6 - and the frogs Numbers 19:11 - toucheth the dead
13.
And these are they which ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,
the eagle: In Hebrew, nesher, Chaldee, neshar, Syriac, neshro, and Arabic, nishr, the eagle, one of the largest, strongest, swiftest, fiercest, and most rapacious of the feathered race. His eye is large, dark, and piercing; his beak powerful and hooked; his legs strong and feathered; his feet yellow and armed with four very long and terrific claws; his wings very large and powerful; his body compact and robust; his bones hard; his flesh firm; his feathers coarse; his attitude fierce and erect; his motions lively; his flight extremely rapid and towering; and his cry the terror of every wing. Deuteronomy 14:12-20, Job 28:7, Job 38:41, Job 39:27-30, Jeremiah 4:13, Jeremiah 4:22, Jeremiah 48:40, Lamentations 4:19, Hosea 8:1, Habakkuk 1:8, Matthew 24:28, Romans 1:28-32, Romans 3:13-17, Titus 3:3
the ossifrage: Peres, from paras to break, probably the species of eagle anciently called ossifraga or bone-breaker (from os, a bone, and frango, to break), because it not only strips off the flesh, but breaks the bone, in order to extract the marrow.
the ospray: Hebrew ozniyah, Arabic azan, and Chaldee azyah, (from azaz, to be strong), a species of eagle, probably the black eagle, so remarkable for its strength.
Reciprocal: Revelation 18:2 - become
14.
And the vulture, and the kite after his kind;
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:28 - shall wash Deuteronomy 14:13 - the glede
15.
Every raven after his kind;
16.
And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,
17.
And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl,
18.
And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle,
19.
And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.
bat: Isaiah 2:20, Isaiah 66:17
Reciprocal: Job 39:13 - wings and feathers unto the Psalms 104:17 - as for
20.
All fowls that creep, going upon all four, shall be an abomination unto you.
Leviticus 11:23, Leviticus 11:27, Deuteronomy 14:19, 2 Kings 17:28-41, Psalms 17:14, Matthew 6:24, Philippians 3:18, Philippians 3:19, 2 Timothy 4:10, 1 John 2:15-17, Jude 1:10, Jude 1:19
Reciprocal: Leviticus 7:21 - abominable Leviticus 11:29 - creeping things that creep Leviticus 11:41 - General
21.
Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth upon all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon the earth;
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:29 - creeping things that creep
22.
Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind.
23.
But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you.
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:20 - General Leviticus 11:27 - General Leviticus 11:41 - General
24.
And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even.
Leviticus 11:8, Leviticus 11:27, Leviticus 11:28, Leviticus 11:31, Leviticus 11:38-40, Leviticus 17:15, Leviticus 17:16, Isaiah 22:14, 1 Corinthians 15:33, 2 Corinthians 6:17, Ephesians 2:1-3, Ephesians 5:11, Colossians 2:16, Colossians 2:17, Colossians 2:20, Hebrews 9:26, 1 John 1:7
Reciprocal: Leviticus 5:2 - touch Leviticus 7:19 - General Leviticus 7:21 - any unclean Leviticus 11:39 - General Leviticus 14:46 - shall be unclean Leviticus 22:5 - whosoever Leviticus 22:6 - General 1 Samuel 20:26 - he is not clean
25.
And whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.
and be unclean: Leviticus 11:28, Leviticus 11:40, Leviticus 14:8, Leviticus 15:5, Leviticus 15:7-11, Leviticus 15:13, Leviticus 16:28, Exodus 19:10, Exodus 19:14, Numbers 19:8, Numbers 19:10, Numbers 19:19, Numbers 19:21, Numbers 19:22, Numbers 31:24, Psalms 51:2, Psalms 51:7, Zechariah 13:1, John 13:8, Acts 22:16, Hebrews 9:10, Hebrews 10:22, 1 Peter 3:21, 1 John 1:7, Revelation 7:14
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:31 - General Leviticus 13:6 - wash Leviticus 14:46 - shall be unclean Leviticus 17:15 - both wash Leviticus 22:6 - General Numbers 19:7 - General Deuteronomy 23:11 - when evening
26.
The carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted, nor cheweth the cud, are unclean unto you: every one that toucheth them shall be unclean.
Reciprocal: Deuteronomy 14:8 - touch Isaiah 52:11 - touch
27.
And whatsoever goeth upon his paws, among all manner of beasts that go on all four, those are unclean unto you: whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even.
Leviticus 11:20, Leviticus 11:23
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:24 - General Numbers 19:11 - toucheth the dead Deuteronomy 14:8 - touch Judges 13:4 - eat not 1 Samuel 20:26 - he is not clean Isaiah 52:11 - touch
28.
And he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: they are unclean unto you.
beareth: Leviticus 11:24, Leviticus 11:25
shall wash: Leviticus 11:14
Reciprocal: Leviticus 5:2 - touch Leviticus 11:39 - General Leviticus 11:40 - shall wash Leviticus 13:6 - wash Leviticus 14:46 - shall be unclean Leviticus 15:5 - General
29.
These also shall be unclean unto you among the creeping things that creep upon the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind,
creeping things that creep: Leviticus 11:20, Leviticus 11:21, Leviticus 11:41, Leviticus 11:42, Psalms 10:3, Psalms 17:13, Psalms 17:14, Haggai 2:6, Luke 12:15, Luke 16:14, John 6:26, John 6:66, Ephesians 4:14, Philippians 3:19, Colossians 3:5, 2 Timothy 3:2-5, Hebrews 13:5
Reciprocal: Ezekiel 8:10 - every
30.
And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole.
31.
These are unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean until the even.
Leviticus 11:8, Leviticus 11:24, Leviticus 11:25
Reciprocal: Leviticus 5:2 - touch Leviticus 11:39 - General Numbers 19:11 - toucheth the dead 1 Samuel 20:26 - he is not clean
32.
And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherein any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it shall be cleansed.
it must be put into water: Leviticus 6:28, Leviticus 15:12, Titus 2:14, Titus 3:5
Reciprocal: Leviticus 6:27 - wash Leviticus 15:5 - General Numbers 19:15 - General Numbers 31:23 - ye shall make
33.
And every earthen vessel, whereinto any of them falleth, whatsoever is in it shall be unclean; and ye shall break it.
ye shall break it: Leviticus 11:35, Leviticus 14:45, Jeremiah 48:38, 2 Corinthians 5:1-8, Philippians 3:21
Reciprocal: Leviticus 6:28 - General Leviticus 13:52 - burn Leviticus 15:12 - vessel
34.
Of all meat which may be eaten, that on which such water cometh shall be unclean: and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean.
35.
And every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean; whether it be oven, or ranges for pots, they shall be broken down: for they are unclean, and shall be unclean unto you.
they shall be: Leviticus 11:33, Leviticus 6:28, Leviticus 15:12, 2 Corinthians 5:1-7
Reciprocal: Leviticus 13:52 - burn
36.
Nevertheless a fountain or pit, wherein there is plenty of water, shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean.
a fountain: Zechariah 13:1, John 4:14
wherein there is plenty of water: Heb. a gathering together of waters
37.
And if any part of their carcase fall upon any sowing seed which is to be sown, it shall be clean.
sowing seed: 1 Corinthians 15:37, 1 Peter 1:23, 1 John 3:9, 1 John 5:18
38.
But if any water be put upon the seed, and any part of their carcase fall thereon, it shall be unclean unto you.
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:24 - General
39.
And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the carcase thereof shall be unclean until the even.
Leviticus 11:24, Leviticus 11:28, Leviticus 11:31, Leviticus 11:40, Leviticus 15:5, Leviticus 15:7, Numbers 19:11, Numbers 19:16
Reciprocal: Leviticus 5:2 - touch Ezekiel 4:14 - have I
40.
And he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.
eateth: Leviticus 11:25, Leviticus 17:15, Leviticus 17:16, Leviticus 22:8, Exodus 22:31, Deuteronomy 14:21, Isaiah 1:16, Ezekiel 4:14, Ezekiel 36:25, Ezekiel 44:31, Zechariah 13:1, 1 Corinthians 6:11, 1 Corinthians 10:21, 1 John 1:7
shall wash: Leviticus 11:28, Leviticus 14:8, Leviticus 14:9, Leviticus 15:5-10, Leviticus 15:27, Leviticus 16:26, Leviticus 16:28, Numbers 19:7, Numbers 19:8, Numbers 19:19
Reciprocal: Leviticus 11:39 - General Leviticus 13:6 - wash Numbers 19:21 - General 1 Samuel 20:26 - he is not clean
41.
And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth shall be an abomination; it shall not be eaten.
Leviticus 11:20, Leviticus 11:23, Leviticus 11:29
Reciprocal: Leviticus 7:18 - an abomination Leviticus 7:21 - abominable Leviticus 11:43 - Ye shall
42.
Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon all four, or whatsoever hath more feet among all creeping things that creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they are an abomination.
goeth upon the belly: Genesis 3:14, Genesis 3:15, Isaiah 65:25, Micah 7:17, Matthew 3:7, Matthew 23:23, John 8:44, 2 Corinthians 11:3, 2 Corinthians 11:13, Titus 1:12
hath more feet: Heb. doth multiply feet
Reciprocal: Leviticus 7:21 - abominable Leviticus 11:29 - creeping things that creep Leviticus 11:43 - Ye shall Ezekiel 8:10 - every Mark 7:15 - nothing
43.
Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them, that ye should be defiled thereby.
Ye shall: Leviticus 11:41, Leviticus 11:42, Leviticus 20:25
yourselves: Heb. your souls
Reciprocal: Leviticus 22:5 - whosoever Deuteronomy 14:3 - General
44.
For I am the LORD your God: ye shall therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy: neither shall ye defile yourselves with any manner of creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
I am the: Exodus 20:2
ye shall: Leviticus 10:3, Leviticus 19:2, Leviticus 20:7, Leviticus 20:26, Exodus 19:6, Deuteronomy 14:2, 1 Samuel 6:20, Psalms 99:5, Psalms 99:9, Isaiah 6:3-5, Amos 3:3, Matthew 5:48, 1 Thessalonians 4:7, 1 Peter 1:15, 1 Peter 1:16, 1 Peter 2:9, Revelation 22:11
Reciprocal: Exodus 19:10 - sanctify Exodus 29:46 - I am Leviticus 11:45 - be holy Leviticus 18:2 - General Leviticus 21:8 - for I Leviticus 22:5 - whosoever Numbers 15:40 - be holy Ezekiel 20:7 - I am Hebrews 12:10 - partakers
45.
For I am the LORD that bringeth you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy.
that bringeth: Exodus 6:7, Psalms 105:43-45
be holy: Leviticus 11:44, Exodus 6:7, Exodus 20:2, Psalms 105:43-45, Hosea 11:1, 1 Thessalonians 4:7
Reciprocal: Exodus 19:6 - and an Exodus 19:10 - sanctify Exodus 22:31 - holy Leviticus 19:2 - Ye shall Leviticus 21:8 - for I Leviticus 22:33 - General Leviticus 25:38 - and to be Numbers 15:40 - be holy Deuteronomy 14:2 - General Psalms 114:2 - General Isaiah 52:11 - touch Daniel 1:8 - defile Ephesians 5:1 - followers Hebrews 12:10 - partakers
46.
This is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth:
This: The distinction of clean and unclean animals - see note on Leviticus 11:2 existed even before the flood, though it probably then only related to sacrifices; but at this time we find there were very particular laws enacted respecting the diet of the people, and the ceremonial uncleanness contracted by touching the carcases of unclean animals. The reasons for the enactment of these laws seem to be:
1. As a test of obedience, and to teach the Israelites habits of self-denial, and the government of their appetites.
2. To keep them distinct from other nations, and consequently from their idolatrous usages, by throwing hindrances in the way of their social intercourse; for these distinctions were applicable both to persons and things. The Canaanites not only ate the animals prohibited by Moses, which we usually eat, but others also, among which dogs were one. Besides, many of those declared unclean were sacred among the heathen, and sacrificed to their gods.
3. Because those prohibited were innutritive and unwholesome; as the swine, the flesh of which being strong and difficult to digest, affords a very gross aliment, and produces, especially in hot climates, cutaneous, scrophulous, and scorbutic disorders, as the itch, leprosy, etc. Leviticus 7:37, Leviticus 14:54, Leviticus 15:32, Ezekiel 43:12
Reciprocal: Numbers 5:29 - the law Numbers 30:16 - General Numbers 36:13 - the commandments
47.
To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten.
Leviticus 10:10, Ezekiel 44:23, Malachi 3:18, Romans 14:2, Romans 14:3, Romans 14:13-23
Reciprocal: Leviticus 15:31 - Thus shall Numbers 30:16 - General Judges 13:4 - eat not Isaiah 52:11 - touch Ezekiel 1:7 - like the sole Ezekiel 22:26 - put no Acts 11:8 - unclean